{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:07:04Z","timestamp":1789387624139,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","issue":"8-9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Sci (Paris)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Longtemps interpr\u00e9t\u00e9e comme une maladie \u00e9mergente apparue brutalement en Europe \u00e0 la fin du\n                    <jats:sc>XV<\/jats:sc>\n                    <jats:sup>e<\/jats:sup>\n                    si\u00e8cle, la syphilis a \u00e9t\u00e9 au c\u0153ur de d\u00e9bats historiques et m\u00e9dicaux opposant notamment les hypoth\u00e8ses sur l\u2019origine pr\u00e9colombienne ou europ\u00e9enne de la maladie. Cette lecture \u00e9v\u00e9nementielle, centr\u00e9e sur l\u2019\u00e9pisode \u00e9pid\u00e9mique de la Renaissance, a toutefois occult\u00e9 une interrogation plus fondamentale : celle de l\u2019anciennet\u00e9 \u00e9volutive et de la diversit\u00e9 biologique des tr\u00e9pon\u00e8mes humains, les bact\u00e9ries responsables de la maladie. Les avanc\u00e9es r\u00e9centes de la pal\u00e9og\u00e9nomique, permettant l\u2019identification de g\u00e9nomes anciens de\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , invitent \u00e0 reconsid\u00e9rer l\u2019histoire de la syphilis non comme celle d\u2019une \u00e9mergence soudaine, mais comme l\u2019expression tardive et contextuelle d\u2019un continuum \u00e9volutif ancien de tr\u00e9pon\u00e8mes humains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/2026124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:45:38Z","timestamp":1789386338000},"page":"701-709","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Syphilis et tr\u00e9pon\u00e8mes humains"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9417-9053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9ric","family":"Crub\u00e9zy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS UMR 5288, IUF, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutour O. L\u2019origine de la syphilis : Colomb enfin innocent\u00e9 ? Les Nouvelles de l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie 2022 ; 29\u201334.","DOI":"10.4000\/nda.14205"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10912-009-9079-3","volume":"30","author":"Tognotti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Humanit"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06965-x","volume":"627","author":"Majander","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadw3020","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adw3020","volume":"391","author":"Bozzi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08515-5","volume":"640","author":"Barquera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortner DJ, Putschar WG. Identication of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985.","DOI":"10.5479\/si.00810223.28.1"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.5.1402","volume":"20","author":"Rothschild","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Powell M, Cook D. The myth of syphilis: The natural history of treponematosis in North America. University Press of Florida., 2005 : 509 p."},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23988","volume":"171","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"Dutour O, Palfi G, Berato J, et al. L\u2019origine de la syphilis en Europe : avant ou apr\u00e8s 1493 ? : actes du colloque international de Toulon, 25-28 novembre 1993 = The origin of syphilis in Europe : before or after 1493? \u00c9ditions Errance, Actes Sud, 1994 : 319 p."},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"Crub\u00e9zy E, Duchesne S, Arlaud C. La mort, les morts et la ville (Montpellier -xe-xvie si\u00e8cles). Errance, 1997 : 448 p."},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1390020309","volume":"2","author":"P\u00e0lfi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Inter J Osteoarchaeol"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hackett CJ. Diagnostic Criteria of Syphilis, Yaws and Treponarid (Treponematoses) and of Some Other Diseases in Dry Bones. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1976.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-06583-9"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181e8b587","volume":"33","author":"Carlson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/2024084","volume":"40","author":"Bon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Sci (Paris)"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/2024070","volume":"40","author":"Jordan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Sci (Paris)"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/2023070","volume":"39","author":"Kerner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Sci (Paris)"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.07.058","volume":"30","author":"Majander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.08.022","volume":"30","author":"Beale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010063","volume":"15","author":"Lieberman","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18827-9","volume":"15","author":"Bos\u00e1k","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17073","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.73","volume":"3","author":"Peeling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1471","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001471","volume":"6","author":"\u010cejkov\u00e1","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Neg Trop Dis"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100871","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00087-9","volume":"5","author":"Se\u00f1a","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-01000-z","volume":"6","author":"Beale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-024-02108-4","volume":"23","author":"Pla-D\u00edaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad368","volume":"229","author":"Lieberman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691731","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.691731","volume":"12","author":"Lithgow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106392","volume":"185","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-6430-6","volume":"21","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardagna Y, Zidane TK, Rakotomavo AL, et al. \u00c0 propos des tr\u00e9pon\u00e9matoses \u00e0 Madagascar : cas pal\u00e9opathologiques du Nord-Ouest \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque moderne. Bulletins et m\u00e9moires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019anthropologie de Paris 2026 ; 38.","DOI":"10.4000\/15hh6"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108651","volume":"27","author":"Zvenigorosky","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"R33","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, Geneva : WHO, 2021-2024. 2024."},{"key":"R34","unstructured":"European centre for disease prevention and control. Syphilis: annual epidemiological report for 2021. 2023."},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6444a3","volume":"64","author":"Bowen","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"R36","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ending the neglect to attain the Sustaible Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030-progress update, Geneva : WHO, 2023."},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003261","volume":"8","author":"\u0160taudov\u00e1","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00070-13","volume":"27","author":"Giacani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.141","volume":"14","author":"Radolf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.29-49.2006","volume":"19","author":"LaFond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126170","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1126170","volume":"14","author":"\u00c1vila-Nieto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14273","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14273","volume":"8","author":"Lithgow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["m\u00e9decine\/sciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.medecinesciences.org\/10.1051\/medsci\/2026124\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:46:25Z","timestamp":1789386385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.medecinesciences.org\/10.1051\/medsci\/2026124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8-9"},"alternative-id":["medsci20260029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/medsci\/2026124","relation":{},"ISSN":["0767-0974","1958-5381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0767-0974","type":"print"},{"value":"1958-5381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}}}