{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:19:21Z","timestamp":1790662761654,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Tectona grandis<\/jats:italic>(teak) and<jats:italic>Vernonia amygdalina<\/jats:italic>(bitter leaf) are plants used in traditional medicine in West Africa. In this study, we tested ethanolic and hydro-ethanolic extracts of bark and leaves of<jats:italic>T. grandis<\/jats:italic>and ethanolic extract of leaves of<jats:italic>V. amygdalina<\/jats:italic>for their inhibitory effect on<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>, a protozoan parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis. Ethanolic extract of<jats:italic>V. amygdalina<\/jats:italic>leaves had proportional contents of phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides. This extract presented the highest efficacy against<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>, the lowest cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, but moderate anti-oxidant activity compared to other plant extracts. Ethanolic extract of<jats:italic>T. grandis<\/jats:italic>bark also had elevated anti-<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>activity, low cytotoxicity on mammalian cells, and one of the highest anti-oxidant activities. However, the phytochemical content of this extract was not very different from the hydro-ethanolic extract, which had no anti-<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>activity. In addition, ethanolic extract of<jats:italic>V. amygdalina<\/jats:italic>leaves, but not of<jats:italic>T. grandis<\/jats:italic>bark, significantly increased the production of TNF-\u03b1 and NO by antigen-presenting cells. Both extracts had the tendency to decrease expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules at the surface of antigen-presenting cells, while they did not modulate the percentage of apoptotic cells. A study of signalling pathways would help to determine the mechanisms of action of these plant extracts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2018014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T09:10:39Z","timestamp":1520932239000},"page":"11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Extracts of<i>Tectona grandis<\/i>and<i>Vernonia amygdalina<\/i>have anti-<i>Toxoplasma<\/i>and pro-inflammatory properties<i>in 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