{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:33:55Z","timestamp":1784140435802,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,17]],"date-time":"2018-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":228,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tsetse flies are the cyclical vector of human and animal African trypanosomiasis. To improve vector control in order to achieve the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and boost the control of animal diseases, investigations have been undertaken on the tripartite association between tsetse, trypanosome, and symbionts. It is in this light that <jats:italic>Sodalis glossinidius<\/jats:italic> and different trypanosomes were identified in <jats:italic>Glossina palpalis palpalis<\/jats:italic> caught in Fontem in southern Cameroon. For this study, DNA was extracted from whole flies, and <jats:italic>S. glossinidius<\/jats:italic> and different trypanosome species were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analyses were performed to compare the trypanosome and <jats:italic>S. glossinidius<\/jats:italic> infection rates and to look for an association between these microorganisms. Of the 274 <jats:italic>G. p. palpalis<\/jats:italic> caught, 3.3% (9\/274) were teneral. About 35% (96\/274) of these flies harbored <jats:italic>S. glossinidius.<\/jats:italic> Of the 265 non-teneral flies, 37.7% were infected by trypanosomes. The infection rates of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma congolense \u201c<\/jats:italic>forest type\u201d and <jats:italic>Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic> were 26.04% and 18.11%, respectively. About 6.41% of tsetse harbored mixed infections of <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>. Of the 69 tsetse with <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic> infections, 33.33% (23\/69) harbored <jats:italic>S. glossinidius<\/jats:italic> while 71.86% (69\/96) of flies harboring <jats:italic>S. glossinidius<\/jats:italic> were not infected by trypanosomes. No association was observed between <jats:italic>S. glossinidius<\/jats:italic> and trypanosome infections. Some wild tsetse harbor <jats:italic>S. glossinidius<\/jats:italic> and trypanosomes, while others have no infection or are infected by only one of these microorganisms. We conclude that the presence of <jats:italic>S. glossinidius<\/jats:italic> does not favor trypanosome infections in <jats:italic>G. p. palpalis<\/jats:italic> of the Fontem focus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2018044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,17]],"date-time":"2018-08-17T07:56:32Z","timestamp":1534492592000},"page":"44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Prevalence of <i>Sodalis glossinidius<\/i> and different trypanosome species in <i>Glossina palpalis palpali<\/i>s caught in the Fontem sleeping sickness focus of the southern Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sartrien","family":"Kant\u00e9 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