{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:29:12Z","timestamp":1787063352109,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":103,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Current treatments of visceral leishmaniasis face limitations due to drug side effects and\/or high cost, along with the emergence of parasite resistance. Novel and low-cost antileishmanial agents are therefore required. We report herein the antileishmanial activity of \u03b2-acetyl-digitoxin (b-AD), a cardenolide isolated from\n                    <jats:italic>Digitalis lanata<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaves, assayed\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    against\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Results showed direct action of b-AD against parasites, as well as efficacy for the treatment of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected macrophages.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments using b-AD-containing Pluronic\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    F127 polymeric micelles (b-AD\/Mic) to treat\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected mice showed that this composition reduced the parasite load in distinct organs in more significant levels. It also induced the development of anti-parasite Th1-type immunity, attested by high levels of IFN-\u03b3, IL-12, TNF-\u03b1, GM-CSF, nitrite and specific IgG2a antibodies, in addition to low IL-4 and IL-10 contents, along with higher IFN-\u03b3-producing CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cell frequency. Furthermore, low toxicity was found in the organs of the treated animals. Comparing the therapeutic effect between the treatments, b-AD\/Mic was the most effective in protecting animals against infection, when compared to the other groups including miltefosine used as a drug control. Data found 15 days after treatment were similar to those obtained one day post-therapy. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that b-AD\/Mic is a promising antileishmanial agent and deserves further studies to investigate its potential to treat visceral leishmaniasis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2021036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T04:10:32Z","timestamp":1618373432000},"page":"38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    antileishmanial activity of \u03b2-acetyl-digitoxin, a cardenolide of\n                    <i>Digitalis lanata<\/i>\n                    potentially useful to treat visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Camila S.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela 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