{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:15:31Z","timestamp":1790644531012,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":279,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010076","name":"Conseil R\u00e9gional Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d'Azur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014-02623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-02623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> oocysts are responsible for food- and water-borne infections in humans worldwide. They are resistant to common chemical disinfectants, including chlorinated products, presumably due to the structure and molecular nature of the oocyst wall but also the sporocyst wall. In this study, we used fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to characterise the structure of both the oocyst and sporocyst walls, exposed to household bleach. Bleach removed the outer layer of the oocyst wall and the outer layer of the wall of sporocysts exposed due to rupture of the oocyst wall. The loss of the outer sporocyst wall layer was associated with a decrease in its autofluorescence, which can be linked to the degradation of dityrosine cross-link proteins, and loss of <jats:italic>Maclura pomifera<\/jats:italic> lectin-reactive glycoproteins. This study suggests that the inner layers of the oocyst and sporocyst walls are the main structures responsible for the resistance of the parasite to household bleach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2021066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T09:01:39Z","timestamp":1633597299000},"page":"68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect of household bleach on the structure of the sporocyst wall of <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5494-6326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Dum\u00e8tre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitender P.","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.P.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.2.3.456-464.2003","volume":"2","author":"Belli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eukaryotic Cell"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.07.004","volume":"22","author":"Belli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00258-12","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00258-12","volume":"3","author":"Bushkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"R4","unstructured":"Christie E. 1977. Ultrastructure and optimal conditions necessary for the excystation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and sporocysts. Ph. D. dissertation. USA: The Ohio State University."},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.01.026","volume":"209","author":"Dubey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11535","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308425110","volume":"110","author":"Dum\u00e8tre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01341-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.01341-20","volume":"6","author":"Fabian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00185-1","volume":"33","author":"Ferguson","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2018.100016","volume":"5","author":"Freppel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Surface"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"Fritz HM, Conrad PA. 2018. Antibodies to the surface of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and methods of use thereof. 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