{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:16:25Z","timestamp":1788210985618,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":85,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012537","name":"Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NCKUCYCP-11102-1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCKUCYCP-11102-1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background:<\/jats:italic> <jats:italic>Trichomonas tenax<\/jats:italic> is a single-cell flagellated anaerobic organism, commensal in the human oral cavity. Although a previous study indicated that <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic> could cause cell damage and phagocytose host epithelial cells, its pathological effects on gum cells remain unknown. Furthermore, several case reports have detected <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic> in several patients with empyema and\/or pleural effusion, which may have been aspirated from the oral cavity. However, the cytotoxic effects and immune responses of alveolar cells are unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the cytotoxic and immune effects of <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic> on gums and pulmonary cell lines. The cytopathic effect and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assays were used to determine the level of cell damage in gum and lung epithelial cells. Western blot was used to determine the disruption of cell junctions. Finally, epithelial cell cytokines were measured using ELISA to elucidate the immune response to <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>: We found that <jats:italic>T. tenax <\/jats:italic>induced a cytotoxic effect on gum epithelial cells by disrupting cell junctions; however, it hardly triggered cellular damage in alveolar A549 cells and mucoepidermoid NCI-H292 cells. Furthermore, <jats:italic>T. tenax <\/jats:italic>induced the production of IL-6 at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) in gum, A549, and NCI-H292 cells. <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>: Our results suggest that <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic> can trigger gingival cell cytotoxicity, disrupt cell junctions, and induce IL-6 production in gingival and pulmonary cell lines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2023010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T08:05:19Z","timestamp":1679904319000},"page":"7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["<i>Trichomonas tenax<\/i> induces barrier defects and modulates the inflammatory cytotoxicity of gingival and pulmonary epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Zih-Bin","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ting","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hsien","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Chin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7223-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Chen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1999.0336","volume":"28","author":"Alvarez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"issue":"3","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0213338","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213338","volume":"14","author":"Benabdelkader","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.05.027","volume":"142","author":"Chevign\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"issue":"9","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290340","volume":"15","author":"Costa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0324-z","volume":"16","author":"de Brito","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-007-9022-1","volume":"185","author":"Duboucher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"4","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.01.018","volume":"130","author":"El Sibaei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eslahi AV, Olfatifar M, Abdoli A, Houshmand E, Johkool MG, Zarabadipour M, Abadi PA, Ghorbani A, Mirzadeh M, Badri M. 2021. 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