{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T16:59:00Z","timestamp":1770569940362,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":81,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"KIM RIVE project Montpellier","award":["00000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006137","name":"D\u00e9partement Soutien et Formation, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Tbg<\/jats:italic>) group 2 is a subgroup of trypanosomes able to infect humans and is found in West and Central Africa. Unlike other agents causing sleeping sickness, such as <jats:italic>Tbg<\/jats:italic> group 1 and <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Tbg<\/jats:italic>2 lacks the typical molecular markers associated with resistance to human serum. Only 36 strains of <jats:italic>Tbg<\/jats:italic>2 have been documented, and therefore, very limited research has been conducted despite their zoonotic nature. Some of these strains are only available in their procyclic form, which hinders human serum resistance assays and mechanistic studies. Furthermore, the understanding of <jats:italic>Tbg<\/jats:italic>2\u2019s potential to infect tsetse flies and mammalian hosts is limited. In this study, 165 <jats:italic>Glossina palpalis gambiensis<\/jats:italic> flies were experimentally infected with procyclic <jats:italic>Tbg<\/jats:italic>2 parasites. It was found that 35 days post-infection, 43 flies out of the 80 still alive were found to be <jats:italic>Tbg<\/jats:italic>2 PCR-positive in the saliva. These flies were able to infect 3 out of the 4 mice used for blood-feeding. Dissection revealed that only six flies in fact carried mature infections in their midguts and salivary glands. Importantly, a single fly with a mature infection was sufficient to infect a mammalian host. This <jats:italic>Tbg<\/jats:italic>2 transmission success confirms that <jats:italic>Tbg<\/jats:italic>2 strains can establish in tsetse flies and infect mammalian hosts. This study describes an effective <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> protocol for transforming <jats:italic>Tbg<\/jats:italic>2 from procyclic to bloodstream form, reproducing the complete <jats:italic>Tbg<\/jats:italic>2 cycle from <jats:italic>G. p. gambiensis<\/jats:italic> to mice. These findings provide valuable insights into <jats:italic>Tbg<\/jats:italic>2\u2019s host infectivity, and will facilitate further research on mechanisms of human serum resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2024009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T09:08:00Z","timestamp":1711098480000},"page":"15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/i> group 2 experimental <i>in vivo<\/i> life cycle: from procyclic to bloodstream form"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Juban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Mathieu","family":"Bart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adeline","family":"S\u00e9gard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Jamonneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3093-5208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Ravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300006246","volume":"65","author":"Bauer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bulletin of Entomological Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00208-0","volume":"113","author":"Berberof","year":"2001","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"R3","first-page":"289","volume":"36","author":"Brun","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"issue":"2","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1946.11685271","volume":"40","author":"Burtt","year":"1946","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008","volume":"34","author":"B\u00fcscher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31510-6","volume":"390","author":"B\u00fcscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02546.x","volume":"15","author":"Camara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000064933","volume":"111","author":"Dale","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010047","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010047","volume":"16","author":"Franco","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"R10","first-page":"391","volume":"87","author":"Fr\u00e9zil","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologie Exotique"},{"issue":"9","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(86)90011-6","volume":"2","author":"Gibson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Parasitology Today"},{"issue":"3","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(02)00028-X","volume":"1","author":"Gibson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-3-909","volume":"143","author":"Gibson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9467","volume":"48","author":"Gidudu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Revue d\u2019\u00c9levage et de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des Pays Tropicaux"},{"issue":"3","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(76)90110-7","volume":"40","author":"Herbert","year":"1976","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"R16","unstructured":"Hoare CA. 1972. 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