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Humans are also at risk, in particular children. To explore the pathogens causing diarrhea in dairy calves, the present study applied PCR-based sequencing tools to investigate the occurrence and molecular characteristics of three parasites (<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Enterocytozoon bieneusi<\/jats:italic>) and three bacterial pathogens (<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp.) in 343 fecal samples of diarrheic dairy calves from five farms in Lingwu County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. The total positive rate of these pathogens in diarrheic dairy calves was 91.0% (312\/343; 95% CI, 87.9\u201394.0), with <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> (61.5%, 211\/343; 95% CI, 56.3\u201366.7) being the dominant one. Co-infection with two to five pathogens was found in 67.3% (231\/343; 95% CI, 62.4\u201372.3) of investigated samples. There were significant differences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) in the positive rates of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. and diarrheagenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> among farms, age groups, and seasons. Two <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> species (<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. bovis<\/jats:italic>) and five <jats:italic>gp60<\/jats:italic> subtypes of <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic> (IIdA15G1, IIdA20G1, IIdA19G1, IIdA14G1, and a novel IIdA13G1) were identified. Two assemblages (assemblage E and zoonotic assemblage A) of <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic> and six ITS genotypes of <jats:italic>E. bieneusi<\/jats:italic> (J, Henan-IV, EbpC, I, EbpA, and ESH-01) were observed. Four virulence genes (<jats:italic>eaeA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>stx1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>stx2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>st<\/jats:italic>) of diarrheagenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and one toxin type (type A) of <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> were detected. Our study enriches our knowledge on the characteristics and zoonotic potential of diarrhea-related pathogens in dairy calves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2024059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T07:53:00Z","timestamp":1727769180000},"page":"60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Molecular characterization of common zoonotic protozoan parasites and bacteria causing diarrhea in dairy calves in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jia-Qi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Ying","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Duan","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Ke","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang-Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03815-w","volume":"19","author":"Ahmedin","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3358\/shokueishi.56.118","volume":"56","author":"Akiyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. 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