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Although\n                    <jats:italic>Oswaldocruzia<\/jats:italic>\n                    species are widespread and exhibit a remarkably wide host range in some species, their genetic diversity and biogeographic patterns remain poorly understood. This study investigated the genetic variability and distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>Oswaldocruzia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in nine anuran species from the genera\n                    <jats:italic>Bufo<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bufotes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pelophylax<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Rana<\/jats:italic>\n                    across Central Europe and the Balkans. Two species were identified:\n                    <jats:italic>Oswaldocruzia filiformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>O. ukrainae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , each exhibiting a different range of host associations. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial COI sequences revealed significant haplotype diversity in the generalist\n                    <jats:italic>O. filiformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with low geographic and host-associated genetic structuring. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>O. ukrainae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which is closely associated with\n                    <jats:italic>Bufotes viridis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , exhibited only one genetic variant across all samples, highlighting its restricted genetic diversity. The findings emphasize contrasting genetic diversities among nematode parasites exhibiting different levels of host-specificity and expand the known distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>O. filiformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    into new regions of the Balkans. In addition, they highlight the need for additional studies on the ecological and evolutionary factors that influence the genetic diversity of parasites in amphibians.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2025020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:46:06Z","timestamp":1745466366000},"page":"27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Insights into the genetic diversity and species distribution of\n                    <i>Oswaldocruzia<\/i>\n                    nematodes (Trichostrongylida: Molineidae) in Europe: apparent absence of geographic and population structuring in amphibians"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Kristi\u00e1n","family":"Guly\u00e1s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Balogov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Pipov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Pape\u017e\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalibor","family":"Uhrovi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mikul\u00ed\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00edmea","family":"Br\u00e1zov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4358-9332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Benovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.2298\/VETGL231221009A","volume":"78","author":"Alali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Veterinarski Glasnik"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05454.x","volume":"21","author":"Andrew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.07.014","volume":"41","author":"Archie","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-024-01674-2","volume":"48","author":"Attir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1139\/z81-039","volume":"59","author":"Baker","year":"1981","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"R6","first-page":"13","volume":"27","author":"Barton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Records of the South Australian Museum"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12183","volume":"40","author":"Belaich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Vector Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17161\/eurojecol.v10i1.21266","volume":"10","author":"Birbele","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Journal of Ecology"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blouin MS, Yowell CA, Courtney CH, Dame JB. 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