{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:35:28Z","timestamp":1790638528600,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":161,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is the protozoan parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis, a zoonosis that represents a health risk for mammals, including marine species. Felines are the only definitive hosts of this parasite, playing a critical role in the introduction and maintenance of the pathogen in a new environment. Recent data demonstrate the contamination by <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> of the terrestrial and seawater environment of the Galapagos archipelago, in the Pacific Ocean. Little is known about the exposure of Galapagos\u2019 threatened species to <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>, although introduced domestic cats in the archipelago are known to be seropositive for <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>. We documented for the first time exposure to <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> of Galapagos sea lions (<jats:italic>Zalophus wollebaeki<\/jats:italic>), an endemic and emblematic species of the archipelago. The modified agglutination test revealed the presence of antibodies against <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> in 61 of 77 plasma samples collected in 2016\u20132017 from 2- to 4-year-old wild sea lions live-handled in their breeding sites on the inhabited island of San Crist\u00f3bal. Antibodies were also detected in 4 of 19 serum samples (21%) from sea lions whose corpses were found in 2021 on the same island. In addition, <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> DNA was detected in a lung sample from one necropsied pup and a tissue cyst-like structure was found in another, suggesting infection. These results, together with the high prevalence of antibodies in 2 to 4-year-olds, indicate that Galapagos sea lions are frequently exposed to <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> and raise concerns that toxoplasmosis may pose a threat to this endemic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2025028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T07:44:37Z","timestamp":1749627877000},"page":"36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["First epidemiological survey of <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> in Galapagos sea lions (<i>Zalophus wollebaeki<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8137-6350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan D.","family":"Mosquera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"de los \u00c1ngeles Bayas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2446-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"P\u00e1ez-Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Col\u00f3n Jaime","family":"Grijalva-Rosero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0499-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5959-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandie","family":"Escotte-Binet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quentin","family":"Di Brasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7415-4198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Villena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Lazarine","family":"Poulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00507-z","volume":"67","author":"Ahmadpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-08-205","volume":"51","author":"Carlson-Bremer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2018.02.004","volume":"90","author":"Carri\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mammalian Biology"},{"issue":"11","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111287","volume":"11","author":"Culda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"3","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.3.1005","volume":"46","author":"Deem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.1.39","volume":"48","author":"Deem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191735","DOI":"10.1080\/26395916.2023.2191735","volume":"19","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecosystems and People"},{"issue":"4","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00016-2","volume":"71","author":"Dubey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267","volume":"11","author":"Dubey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey JP. 2016. 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