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In this paper, I propose that the idea that saying species are \u201canthropophilic\u201d when they are preferentially attracted to humans is misleading and that such species are generalists that will opportunistically feed on a wide range of animals including humans when they are available. Other species are specialists that, under rare circumstances, accidently feed on humans. For these groups, I propose the names anthropportunists and anthroaccidentalists, respectively. The level of contact depends on a range of environmental factors and it is these that must be considered in evaluating potential vector importance and management. In this paper, I propose a review of the <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> identified in American sand flies and relate them to these two concepts and how it is linked to taxonomic groups, evolution, and ecology. There are records of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> in 91 species, which is only 16.5% of American sand fly species. Of these infections, 56.7% are in the genera <jats:italic>Lutzomyia, Nyssomyia, Pintomyia<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Psychodopygus<\/jats:italic>, which are typically generalist anthropportunists. Of the species considered to be proven vectors, 77.4% belong to these four genera. As infections were detected by a variety of methods, further case-by-case field studies are required to evaluate the vectorial role of many of the sand fly species in which <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> have been found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2025039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T07:47:50Z","timestamp":1757317670000},"page":"57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A review of <i>Leishmania<\/i> infections in American Phlebotomine sand flies \u2013 Are those that transmit leishmaniasis anthropophilic or anthropportunists?"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7008-1972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey 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