{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T03:40:19Z","timestamp":1793763619737,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":230,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastrointestinal infections caused by protozoan parasites remain a significant public health concern worldwide, particularly during the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to severe economic and social crisis that highlighted the inadequacy of healthcare services in many countries. In this study, we analyzed changes in the incidence of cases of amebiasis, giardiasis, and other gastrointestinal protozoal infections before (2017\u20132019) and during (2020\u20132022) the pandemic. Our findings indicate a decrease in the incidence of these infections, with no significant variations in incidence by gender or age, and a higher incidence during months with elevated temperature and humidity. Sociodemographic factors, including residence in homes with earthen floors, poverty, limited access to healthcare services, inadequate nutrition, unemployment, and overcrowded living conditions, were associated with an increased risk of infection. Additionally, our results highlight the impact of public health policies on disease control, demonstrating that COVID-19 containment measures \u2013 such as international travel restrictions, workplace closures, event cancellations, stay-at-home mandates, and enhanced hand hygiene \u2013 also contributed to reducing parasitic infections. The persistent prevalence of protozoal infections in both periods underscores the urgent need to improve sanitation, personal hygiene, and public health education, particularly in developing countries, to mitigate their high burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2025049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T07:47:33Z","timestamp":1755589653000},"page":"52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of COVID-19 restrictions on incidence of gastrointestinal protozoal infections in Mexico and their association with environmental and socioeconomic risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6399-5856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lissethe","family":"Palomo-Ligas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9243-1390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filiberto","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02339-1","volume":"52","author":"Abdoli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"4","key":"R2","first-page":"1219","volume":"29","author":"Althobaiti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001693","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001693","volume":"72","author":"Adamson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.03.008","volume":"54","author":"Ag\u00fcero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0298767","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298767","volume":"19","author":"Alelign","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0237102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237102","volume":"15","author":"Atabati","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.5505\/ejm.2023.02800","volume":"28","author":"Aydemir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eastern Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0087","volume":"104","author":"Bauza","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2023.100362","volume":"5","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health in Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2022.2130056","volume":"59","author":"Campos-Vazquez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Development Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.29265\/gypp.v29i2.777","volume":"29","author":"Campos V\u00e1zquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gesti\u00f3n y Pol\u00edtica P\u00fablica"},{"issue":"1","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2019.151358","volume":"310","author":"Carrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135784","volume":"705","author":"Codrean","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6909","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06909","volume":"4","author":"Choy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106069","volume":"223","author":"da Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"1","key":"R16","first-page":"73","volume":"77","author":"Dhubyan Mohammed Zaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Archives of Razi Institute"},{"issue":"6","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.17495","volume":"17","author":"El Achkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"},{"issue":"1","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04160-9","volume":"13","author":"Ferguson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"10","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100253","volume":"7","author":"Fitri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"4","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07798-3","volume":"122","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14533","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"R22","first-page":"90","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"6","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0251722","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251722","volume":"16","author":"Knaul","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021000974","volume":"148","author":"Knox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020298","volume":"13","author":"Lafarga-Molina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"7","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011448","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011448","volume":"17","author":"Lanker","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy320","volume":"67","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026882300136X","volume":"151","author":"Love","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiology & Infection"},{"issue":"3","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e050469","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050469","volume":"12","author":"Love","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13010023","volume":"13","author":"Maldonado-Barrueco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medical Sciences"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466883","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1466883","volume":"15","author":"Matos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1768169","volume":"15","author":"Meena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Laboratory Physicians"},{"key":"R33","first-page":"S1933-0219(25)00049-2","volume":"14","author":"Merolle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunology"},{"issue":"8","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.05.003","volume":"37","author":"Miguel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"issue":"6","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061224","volume":"12","author":"Nanthan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"5","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.3390\/children10050816","volume":"10","author":"Plantener","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"1","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01352.x","volume":"10","author":"Raso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5339","DOI":"10.3390\/app14125339","volume":"14","author":"Rossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06615-5","volume":"21","author":"Sebaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"R40","first-page":"8681247","volume":"2020","author":"Sitotaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00349-7","volume":"16","author":"Speich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2024.101749","volume":"29","author":"Tesfaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-020-0193-2","volume":"48","author":"Tharmaratnam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4377-y","volume":"12","author":"Tigabu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Research Notes"},{"issue":"11","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2020.1806711","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2017.07.005","volume":"66","author":"Zavala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology International"}],"container-title":["Parasite"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.parasite-journal.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2025049\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T07:47:41Z","timestamp":1755589661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.parasite-journal.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2025049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["parasite250026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2025049","relation":{},"ISSN":["1776-1042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1776-1042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}