{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:01:33Z","timestamp":1791583293020,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004504","name":"Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. S-MIP-22-53"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. S-MIP-22-53"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Trematode metacercariae are the most abundant and frequently encountered helminths in freshwater fish. Yet, accurate species identification remains challenging, potentially leading to an underestimation of trematode diversity. Using data from parasitological examinations of 1,030 fish (47 species) collected from diverse freshwater habitats in Lithuania (2022\u20132024), we assessed the contemporary diversity of trematode metacercariae, host associations, microhabitat preferences, and changes in diversity patterns and transmission dynamics. Through integrated morphological and molecular techniques, we identified metacercariae belonging to 51 species from eight families, more than doubling previously reported diversity (25 species). While trematode family composition remained largely unchanged \u2013 the Diplostomidae and Strigeidae remained the most diverse families \u2013 notable differences were observed at the species level. Metacercariae of the Echinochasmidae and Echinostomatidae were detected for the first time, while previously reported Clinostomidae were absent. Fish of the Leuciscidae hosted the highest trematode diversity. Host specificity of metacercariae was generally low, with most species being euryxenous. At the microhabitat level, eyes harboured the highest number of species, while muscles showed the highest metacercarial density. Notably, we detected species first genetically characterised in North America (\n                    <jats:italic>Echinoparyphium<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. 2 and\n                    <jats:italic>Ichthyocotylurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. 2) and species potentially belonging to the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Neogogatea<\/jats:italic>\n                    , previously known only from Asia and North America, highlighting potential invasion risks and suggesting that European trematode diversity remains substantially underestimated. Future efforts should obtain molecular data from correctly identified adult specimens to resolve the identity of species currently identified only to the genus or family level, thereby enabling assessment of their geographical distributions and ecological roles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2025067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:56:11Z","timestamp":1767776171000},"page":"1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparison of historic and novel data reveals higher contemporary diversity of trematode metacercariae in freshwater fish"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5346-1658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olena","family":"Kudlai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Scientific Research Institute Nature Research Centre","place":["Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3259-9444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasa","family":"Binkien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Scientific Research Institute Nature Research Centre","place":["Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8752-731X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vytautas","family":"Rakauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Scientific Research Institute Nature Research Centre","place":["Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan Jay","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Scientific Research Institute Nature Research Centre","place":["Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/zsc.12360","volume":"48","author":"Achatz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoologica Scripta"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1645\/24-33","volume":"110","author":"Achatz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"R3","first-page":"125","volume":"7","author":"Bacevi\u010dius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fishery in Lithuania"},{"key":"R4","first-page":"19","volume":"44","author":"Barber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Folia Parasitologica"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.04.009","volume":"44","author":"Blasco-Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2017.05.001","volume":"98","author":"Blasco-Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2307\/3284227","volume":"83","author":"Bush","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3391\/bir.2019.8.2.10","volume":"8","author":"Butkus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinvasion Records"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X2300069X","volume":"97","author":"Calhoun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Helminthology"},{"key":"R10","first-page":"680","volume":"28","author":"Cribb","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1973.tb01114.x","volume":"48","author":"Crompton","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society"},{"key":"R12","unstructured":"Crompton DWT. 1976. 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