{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:30:13Z","timestamp":1790141413337,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":77,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Vector-borne microbial pathogens previously isolated from\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. are currently considered to be emerging or re-emerging threats to public health and the veterinary sector. Transmission of pathogens by flies in the\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    genus is largely mechanical, indicating that they can transmit a wide range of pathogens to a variety of hosts. This study evaluated the diversity of pathogens demonstrably transmitted by a variety of\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    flies, concerning species diversity, host diversity, and geographic distribution. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were applied to screen studies based on pathogen type, host species, and experimental transmission outcomes. Journal articles published from 1973 to 2025 were sourced from six electronic databases. After evaluation, 30 studies were eligible for this review. Of these studies, 20% (6\/30) reported negative outcomes. Three pathogens (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus,\n                    <jats:italic>Neorickettsia risticii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were not transmitted by the flies in the experiments.\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. transmitted pathogens to a wide range of hosts (9 mammals) and substrates (blood and tissue culture), but the recorded experiments in camels failed. Three out of ten\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. reported in the studies (\n                    <jats:italic>S. transvittatus, S. inornatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>S. omega<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) failed to transmit pathogens in all attempts. The majority of experimental studies were on\n                    <jats:italic>S. calcitrans,<\/jats:italic>\n                    with very limited studies on other\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, highlighting the dearth of information on other species occurring in Africa and Asia. Our study has consolidated the evidence regarding the experimental pathogen transmission by\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., highlighting and demonstrating their epidemiological significance and the need for surveillance and control\/prevention strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2026014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:54:06Z","timestamp":1773910446000},"page":"13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A systematic review of experimental evidence on microbial pathogen transmission by\n                    <i>Stomoxys<\/i>\n                    spp."],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4482-184X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Metlholo Andries","family":"Phukuntsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council \u2013 Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8912-6002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maropeng Charles","family":"Monyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council \u2013 Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2905-4104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moeti Oriel","family":"Taioe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council \u2013 Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7398-1741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Mbokeleng","family":"Tsotetsi-Khambule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2013026","volume":"20","author":"Baldacchino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3548109","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3548109","volume":"2023","author":"Balmo\u0219","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.06.015","volume":"183","author":"Brothers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00382.x","volume":"8","author":"Burg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1982.43.08.1458","volume":"43","author":"Buxton","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637559","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.637559","volume":"8","author":"Cassedy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2016000600004","volume":"36","author":"Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pesquisa Veterin\u00e1ria Brasileira"},{"key":"R8","first-page":"30","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Advance Agricultural Research"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.56808\/2985-1130.2730","volume":"46","author":"Changbunjong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.04.004","volume":"140","author":"Cherenet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.024","volume":"66","author":"Cho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985819879443","volume":"57","author":"Clift","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathology"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05887-x","volume":"16","author":"Cuthbert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"R14","first-page":"41","volume":"7","author":"Dagnachew","year":"2015","journal-title":"African Journal of Basic Applied Sciences"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.11.001","volume":"11","author":"Dsouli-Aymes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3390\/d15050600","volume":"15","author":"Duvallet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.2008.00980.x","volume":"47","author":"Elkan","year":"2009","journal-title":"African Journal of Ecology"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1983.44.01.155","volume":"44","author":"Foil","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33902-X","volume":"14","author":"Gibbs","year":"1973","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12608","volume":"65","author":"Golnar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061285","volume":"15","author":"Haegeman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"R22","unstructured":"Harzing AW. 2007. Publish or perish. https:\/\/harzing.com\/resources\/publish-or-perish."},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1973.34.12.1583","volume":"34","author":"Hawkins","year":"1973","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-08102-z","volume":"123","author":"Heller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.717","volume":"8","author":"Hemida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicine and Science"},{"key":"R26","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA. 2024. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5. Updated August 2024. Cochrane."},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.11.015","volume":"143","author":"Hoelzle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04041-1","volume":"13","author":"Hornok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5010026","volume":"5","author":"Hove","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030477","volume":"10","author":"Issimov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10002","volume":"47","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfab045","volume":"11","author":"Jori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal Frontiers"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621699","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.621699","volume":"8","author":"Kasozi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30523-X","volume":"40","author":"Kitching","year":"1986","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar S, Gupta S, Mohmad A, Fular A, Parthasarathi BC, Chaubey AK. Molecular tools-advances opportunities and prospects for the control of parasites of veterinary importance. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 41, 33\u201342.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-020-00213-9"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2022.100088","volume":"2","author":"Ledwaba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Research in Parasitology Vector-borne Diseases"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.18488\/journal.68.2019.62.95.108","volume":"6","author":"Lendzele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Research in Agricultural Sciences"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3157-6","volume":"112","author":"Li\u00e9nard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordinus genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis. Tomus I Editio decima reformata. Holmiae, Laurentius Salvius.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.542"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2023.e00284","volume":"21","author":"Malatji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2022.e01112","volume":"15","author":"Makhahlela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific African"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30753-7","volume":"43","author":"Mellor","year":"1987","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"R43","first-page":"103","volume":"46","author":"Mihok","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"issue":"11","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026620666200325114400","volume":"20","author":"Minakshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"R45","first-page":"10","volume":"9","author":"Mohammed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science Research"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.12970\/2310-0796.2018.06.10","volume":"6","author":"Mounioko","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Journal of Veterinary Science"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjae101","volume":"61","author":"Nayani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28024","DOI":"10.3402\/iee.v5.28024","volume":"5","author":"Nanyingi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infection, Ecology, Epidemiology"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01839198","volume":"18","author":"Ngeranwa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Veterinary Research Communications"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjac018","volume":"59","author":"Okello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12918","volume":"65","author":"Olesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.08.006","volume":"11","author":"Olias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infection Genetics and Evolution"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00182-20","volume":"34","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.2128-2134","volume":"16","author":"Phetkarl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"key":"R56","first-page":"119","volume":"48","author":"Potgieter","year":"1981","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90013-D","volume":"50","author":"Prullage","year":"1993","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0210-2013","volume":"47","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10014","volume":"48","author":"Rochon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmab029","volume":"12","author":"Rochon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Integrated Pest Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00361.x","volume":"16","author":"Schofield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.4.668","volume":"42","author":"Scoles","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"R63","first-page":"197","volume":"168","author":"Sharif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revue de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12356","volume":"33","author":"Sharif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"IJIS-S21647","DOI":"10.4137\/IJIS.S21647","volume":"7","author":"Showler","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Insect Science"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56605-6","volume":"9","author":"Sohier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.1998.00131.x","volume":"12","author":"Sumba","year":"1998","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10050","volume":"49","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.8.1859-1861.1987","volume":"55","author":"Turell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.2987\/10-6070.1","volume":"26","author":"Turell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4818","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00693K","volume":"46","author":"V\u00e1radi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemical Society Reviews"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0418-5","volume":"48","author":"Vidic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1988.49.09.1543","volume":"49","author":"Weber","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"R74","unstructured":"Zumpt F. 1973. The Stomoxyine biting flies of the world. Taxonomy biology economic importance and control measures. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag."}],"container-title":["Parasite"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.parasite-journal.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2026014\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:54:30Z","timestamp":1773910470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.parasite-journal.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2026014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["parasite250110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2026014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1776-1042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1776-1042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}