{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T08:42:42Z","timestamp":1776933762728,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":111,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Granulocytic anaplasmosis is a zoonotic disease that affects various domestic mammals (dogs, horses, and, more rarely, cats). In ruminants, it is better known as tick-borne fever (TBF) and is responsible for significant economic losses on European livestock farms, mainly due to a drop in milk production, abortions, and immunosuppression, which can lead to secondary infections. The disease is caused by the strictly intracellular bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whose biological vectors are ticks of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Other blood-feeding arthropods may be involved in transmitting this bacterium, notably\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys calcitrans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a major ectoparasite of livestock that is implicated in transmitting other pathogens, including bacteria of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study aimed to evaluate the potential of\n                    <jats:italic>S. calcitrans<\/jats:italic>\n                    to act as a mechanical vector of\n                    <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    under laboratory conditions. Two experimental models were employed: one mimicking immediate transmission, and the other delayed transmission. In both models,\n                    <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA and RNA were detected in\n                    <jats:italic>S. calcitrans<\/jats:italic>\n                    for the first time, but no traces of the bacterium\u2019s DNA or RNA were found in the glass feeder\u2019s blood. Further research is needed to confirm these findings through field studies investigating the presence of the bacterium in flies under natural conditions. This study also describes two original infection models of stable flies designed to reproduce their\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    blood-feeding, promoting alternative experimental approaches in accordance with animal welfare regulations and 4R principles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2026021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T07:53:01Z","timestamp":1776930781000},"page":"25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Stomoxys calcitrans<\/i>\n                    as a potential mechanical vector of\n                    <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/i>\n                    : assessment through original\n                    <i>ex vivo<\/i>\n                    feeding models"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9374-3609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clotilde","family":"Rouxel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, BIPAR","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5040-6857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillem","family":"Weis-Servat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, InTheRes","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5557-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Li\u00e9nard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, InTheRes","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shukri","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, InTheRes","place":["France"]},{"name":"Libyan Biotechnology Research Center","place":["Libya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0770-322X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Claire","family":"Lagr\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, BIPAR","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2019-1663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre Lucien","family":"Deshuillers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, BIPAR","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0704-4757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henri-Jean","family":"Boulouis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, BIPAR","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7079-8319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, BIPAR","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3580-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Bouhsira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, InTheRes","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2013026","volume":"20","author":"Baldacchino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"R2","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"Bautista Garfias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinaria M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"Blanc-Debrune N. 2019. Impact \u00e9conomique des principales esp\u00e8ces de dipt\u00e8res sur l\u2019\u00e9levage bovin fran\u00e7ais et m\u00e9thodes de luttes associ\u00e9es, Th\u00e8se de 3\u00e8me cycle, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France."},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8080278","volume":"8","author":"Bonilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070778","volume":"12","author":"Bonnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49921","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M206296200","volume":"277","author":"Boulanger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"CDC. 2023. Epidemiology and Statistics. Number of reported cases of anaplasmosis \u2013 United States, 2000-2023. Last updated 3 March 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/anaplasmosis\/hcp\/statistics\/index.html."},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3164-3168.2004","volume":"42","author":"Courtney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.390","volume":"5","author":"De La Fuente","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00061","volume":"5","author":"Dugat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38770","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38770","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2002.00325.x","volume":"11","author":"Hamilton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Insect Molecular Biology"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105655","volume":"190","author":"Heller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kloft WJ. 1992. Radioisotopes in vector research, in advances in disease vector research, Harris KF, Editor. Springer: New York, NY. p. 41\u201366.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2910-0_2"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52808-8","volume":"14","author":"Le Dortz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11502","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.21.11502","volume":"94","author":"Lehane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12297","volume":"32","author":"Lempereur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"R18","first-page":"173","volume":"36","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3157-6","volume":"112","author":"Li\u00e9nard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109297","volume":"288","author":"Madhav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1012570","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012570","volume":"21","author":"Muita","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1623103","volume":"40","author":"Nieder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Gro\u00dftiere \/ Nutztiere"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12009","volume":"22","author":"Olafson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Insect Molecular Biology"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.12.006","volume":"177","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12386","volume":"33","author":"Parravani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cris.2020.100007","volume":"1","author":"Paslaru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Research in Insect Science"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16010042","volume":"16","author":"Pearson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"R28","unstructured":"Plateforme ESA: Epid\u00e9miosurveillance sant\u00e9 animale, 2024. Bilan du dispositif Oscar pour l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2024. Last updated 24 July 2025. https:\/\/plateforme-esa.fr\/fr\/bilan-du-dispositif-oscar-pour-lannee-2024."},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104833","volume":"91","author":"Rar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"key":"R30","first-page":"100515","volume":"23","author":"Rezende Ara\u00fajo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmab029","volume":"12","author":"Rochon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Integrated Pest Management"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2012194309","volume":"19","author":"Salem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00751-22","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00751-22","volume":"96","author":"Sanz-Bernardo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20917600","volume":"22","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.4.668","volume":"42","author":"Scoles","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12356","volume":"33","author":"Sharif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"IJIS.S21647","DOI":"10.4137\/IJIS.S21647","volume":"7","author":"Showler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Insect Science"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1603\/EN10057","volume":"39","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental Entomology"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10050","volume":"49","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17783","volume":"64","author":"Tonnetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks596","volume":"40","author":"Untergasser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-011-0123-1","volume":"66","author":"V\u00edchov\u00e1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjy217","volume":"56","author":"Werszko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.09.013","volume":"167","author":"Woldehiwet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"}],"container-title":["Parasite"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.parasite-journal.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2026021\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T07:53:08Z","timestamp":1776930788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.parasite-journal.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2026021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["parasite260006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2026021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1776-1042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1776-1042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}