{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T12:41:34Z","timestamp":1776429694380,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":106,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["24ZR1473200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZR1473200"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-003421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-003421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Health Technology Innovation Joint Project","award":["WSJK2024MS226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WSJK2024MS226"]}]},{"name":"National Research and Development Plan of China","award":["2018YFE0121600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0121600"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020756","name":"Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TDRC-2019-194-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TDRC-2019-194-30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020756","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Prevention and Control of Emerging and Major Infectious Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2025ZD01900105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD01900105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic>DBLMSP<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene family in\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    encodes surface antigens involved in immune evasion and red blood cell invasion, yet its extensive polymorphism has long defied straightforward classification. While analyzing\n                    <jats:italic>DBLMSP1<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences from samples collected along the China\u2013Myanmar border, we found that haplotypes could not be readily explained by standard population genetic models. Instead, comparative alignment and BLAST analysis revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>DBLMSP1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>DBLMSP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    consist of discrete, recombinable sequence modules, flanked by conserved upstream and downstream regions. This led us to propose a modular framework that redefines allele structure as combinations of well-defined building blocks with consistent boundaries and positional constraints. Through global mining of\n                    <jats:italic>DBLMSP<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences, we identified nine genotypes each for\n                    <jats:italic>DBLMSP1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>DBLMSP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with modules labeled sequentially (\n                    <jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 1M2a, 1M3c, and 2M3b). Some modules were shared across paralogs, notably the identical sequence of\n                    <jats:italic>DBLMSP1<\/jats:italic>\n                    module 1M3c and\n                    <jats:italic>DBLMSP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    module 2M3a, suggesting historical inter-locus recombination. In the dominant genotype DBLMSP1-1, nucleotide diversity and Tajima\u2019s D peaked within variable modules, whereas conserved structural elements, including the receptor-binding cleft and SPAM domain, were under purifying selection. Patterns of long-range linkage disequilibrium aligned with module junctions, suggesting that modular structure may shape recombination patterns independently of selection. Modular recombination has been widely recognized in viral systems and multigene families such as\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but its relevance in\n                    <jats:italic>DBLMSP<\/jats:italic>\n                    s has been underappreciated. By applying this framework to\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum DBLMSP<\/jats:italic>\n                    s, we aim to provide a useful perspective for understanding their structural diversity and evolutionary dynamics, with implications for immunogen design and parasite surveillance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2026024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:50:41Z","timestamp":1776412241000},"page":"24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Module-level recombination drives\n                    <i>DBLMSP<\/i>\n                    polymorphism and functional conservation in\n                    <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Yi-Wen","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shen-Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian-Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-Xuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kokouvi","family":"Kassegne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global Health, Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9182-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai-Mo","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3765-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Hu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases","place":["PR China"]},{"name":"School of Global Health, Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["PR 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