{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T08:07:03Z","timestamp":1779696423354,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":144,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the most widespread form of CL worldwide, with hundreds of thousands of cases annually. It is associated with significant morbidity and economic burden, particularly in North Africa and the Middle East. For over a century, the zoonotic transmission of ZCL, involving wild gerbils (Muridae: Gerbillinae) as the reservoir and\n                    <jats:italic>Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Ph<\/jats:italic>\n                    .)\n                    <jats:italic>papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the vector, has been considered an established fact, with no contradictory debate. However, the pronounced endophilic and anthropophilic behaviors of\n                    <jats:italic>Ph. papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the exposure of multiple and large lesions, although with relatively limited persistence, to sandflies during their seasonal activity, and the simultaneous detection of human and\n                    <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA within the vector, suggest a contribution of humans to the parasite cycle. Conversely, the high incidence of the disease in anthropized foci and the high prevalence of family cases highlight the role of humans in amplifying transmission. The experiments carried out by Adler and Theodor in the 1920s in Palestine and the more recent studies done by Fatemi\n                    <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>\n                    . (2018) in Iran that identified\n                    <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    infectious metacyclic forms in\n                    <jats:italic>Ph. papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n                    fed on ZCL lesions reinforce this hypothesis. Additional xenodiagnoses-based approaches could provide definitive answers and lead to better management and control of ZCL, leading to a recommendation of updated preventive measures at the household level. This review aims to report on what is currently known about the zoonotic transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and to develop arguments supporting the hypothesis that humans play a potential role as \u201creservoir host\u201d of the parasite, albeit a complementary one.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2026030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T07:49:10Z","timestamp":1779695350000},"page":"30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by\n                    <i>Leishmania major<\/i>\n                    : Do humans play a role in amplifying transmission?"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6081-4266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karim","family":"Aoun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasites, Institut Pasteur de Tunis","place":["Tunisia"]},{"name":"Research Laboratory 16-IPT-06: Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis-El Manar","place":["Tunisia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fida","family":"Maatallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasites, Institut Pasteur de Tunis","place":["Tunisia"]},{"name":"Research Laboratory 16-IPT-06: Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis-El Manar","place":["Tunisia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A\u00efda","family":"Bouratbine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory 16-IPT-06: Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis-El Manar","place":["Tunisia"]},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis","place":["Tunisia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","first-page":"329","volume":"37","author":"Abonnenc","year":"1959","journal-title":"Archives de l\u2019Institut Pasteur d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Abonnenc E. 1972. 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