{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T08:17:17Z","timestamp":1783498637246,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":188,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N42A670081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A670081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Birds represent the second most species-rich class of vertebrates, comprising more than 10,000 extant species worldwide, including wild and domesticated forms, as well as migratory and resident species. Bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae) are important seed dispersers, and keeping them in cages is a long-standing tradition in Thai culture. Health assessments of these birds are therefore essential for sustaining cage-bird keeping, supporting local livelihoods, while also supporting biodiversity conservation. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, morphology, and molecular characteristics of trypanosomes in Olive-winged bulbuls (\n                    <jats:italic>Pycnonotus plumosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , OWB), Streak-eared bulbuls (\n                    <jats:italic>Pycnonotus conradi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , SEB), and Yellow-vent bulbuls (\n                    <jats:italic>Pycnonotus goiavier<\/jats:italic>\n                    , YVB) captured in Thailand. Blood samples were collected from 121 bulbuls (26 OWBs, 79 SEBs, and 16 YVBs). Three Giemsa-stained blood smears were prepared per sample, and genomic DNA was extracted. Additionally, nested-PCR and sequence analysis of the small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene (\n                    <jats:italic>SSU rRNA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were performed. As a result, microscopic examination revealed\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. infections in seven SEBs and ten YVBs, and up to nine putative morphotypes of\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were identified. Nested-PCR revealed a higher prevalence (11.39% in SEBs and 75.00% in YVBs) compared to microscopic examination (8.86% in SEBs and 62.50% in YVBs). Sequence analysis of all 21 nested-PCR positive samples further revealed multiple trypanosome strain\/species infections. Collectively, these findings provide baseline data to support veterinary diagnostic laboratories and inform future epidemiologic and molecular investigations of avian trypanosomes in Thailand.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2026036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T07:58:09Z","timestamp":1783497489000},"page":"37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence, morphology, and molecular characterization of trypanosomes in bulbuls from Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8404-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornchai","family":"Pornpanom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University","place":["Thailand"]},{"name":"Informatics Innovation Center of Excellence, Walailak University","place":["Thailand"]},{"name":"One Health Research Center, Walailak University","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7884-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina Romeiro Fernandes","family":"Chagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Scientific Research Institute Nature Research Centre","place":["Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2639-6117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikom","family":"Srikacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4527-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surya","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong","place":["PR China"]},{"name":"Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences Research Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2695-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif","family":"Ciloglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1435-3956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kannawee","family":"Swangneat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University","place":["Thailand"]},{"name":"One Health Research Center, Walailak University","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3072-8708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morakot","family":"Kaewthamasorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University","place":["Thailand"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-023-00587-6","volume":"21","author":"Al-Shuhaib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"R2","first-page":"321","volume":"46","author":"Baker","year":"1956","journal-title":"Transmission by Ornithomyia avicularia L. Parasitology"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1139\/z61-003","volume":"39","author":"Bennett","year":"1961","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"R4","first-page":"263","volume":"61","author":"Bennett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761994000400007","volume":"89","author":"Bennett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14050452","volume":"14","author":"Bernotien\u0117","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105555","volume":"210","author":"Bernotien\u0117","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Bird Conservation Society of Thailand. 2024. Checklist of Thai birds July 2022."},{"issue":"17","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13172798","volume":"13","author":"Boonchuay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"19","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.08.003","volume":"25","author":"Brusatte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1220-y","volume":"15","author":"Calero-Riestra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3984-8","volume":"13","author":"Chagas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"14","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2023.06.002","volume":"53","author":"Chapelle","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000071560","volume":"62","author":"Chatterjee","year":"1971","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"R15","first-page":"133","volume":"22","author":"Chiappe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea"},{"key":"R16","unstructured":"Chotipuntu P. 2021. Birds in Walailak University. Songkhla: A WA2013."},{"key":"R17","first-page":"100895","volume":"23","author":"Cigler","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife"},{"issue":"6","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.08199","volume":"130","author":"Angeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(75)90041-7","volume":"5","author":"Desser","year":"1975","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2307\/3677252","volume":"30","author":"Fridolfsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Avian Biology"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12508","volume":"52","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"R22","first-page":"95","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symposium Series"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jukes TH, Cantor CR. 1969. Evolution of protein molecules, in Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Munro HN, Editor. Academic Press: New York. p. 21\u2013132.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3211-9.50009-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.3390\/d15050692","volume":"15","author":"Kazak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"R25","first-page":"421","volume":"27","author":"Kerandel","year":"1913","journal-title":"Annales de l\u2019Institut Pasteur"},{"key":"R26","first-page":"e65557","volume":"200","author":"Kittichai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Visualized Experiments"},{"issue":"1","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2010.01.006","volume":"19","author":"Kramer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine"},{"key":"R28","unstructured":"Mathis C, L\u00e9ger M. 1911. Recherches de parasitologie et de pathologie humaines et animales au Tonkin. Paris: Masson."},{"key":"R29","unstructured":"Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. 2003. Ministerial regulation: Designation of certain wildlife species as protected wildlife B.E. 2546 (2003)."},{"issue":"1","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000052409","volume":"87","author":"Molyneux","year":"1983","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2024.06.004","volume":"54","author":"Musa","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761994000200005","volume":"89","author":"Nandi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"4","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1557-9263.2011.00338.x","volume":"82","author":"Owen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Field Ornithology"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peirce MA. 2016. Infectious Diseases, in Avian Medicine, 3rd ed., Samour J, Editor. Elservier: Missouri. p. 434\u2013521.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7234-3832-8.00014-6"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06379-7","volume":"118","author":"Pornpanom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2025.2462628","volume":"54","author":"Pornpanom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Avian Pathology"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s13127-012-0092-4","volume":"12","author":"Pramual","year":"2012","journal-title":"Organisms Diversity & Evolution"},{"issue":"4","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2018.12.004","volume":"54","author":"Pronovost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection"},{"key":"R39","unstructured":"R Core Team. 2026. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-012-1612-5","volume":"21","author":"Salakij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comparative Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030584","volume":"10","author":"Santol\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"2","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4034.2.6","volume":"4034","author":"Sehgal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2001.01339.x","volume":"10","author":"Sehgal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2021.01.033","volume":"66","author":"Si","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Bulletin"},{"issue":"8","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016000329","volume":"143","author":"\u0160lapeta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107207","volume":"254","author":"Stangarm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"12","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010014","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010014","volume":"15","author":"Sunantaraporn","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2158-9","volume":"10","author":"Svobodov\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"R49","first-page":"53","volume":"57","author":"Svobodova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Protozoologica"},{"issue":"7","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1832","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"R52","first-page":"22","volume":"8","author":"Tangsurat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural Extension and Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2005121085","volume":"12","author":"Tarello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"R54","first-page":"49","volume":"20","author":"Techachoochert","year":"2013","journal-title":"BirdingASIA"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06812-0","volume":"18","author":"Tepboonrueng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105196","volume":"200","author":"Thaijarern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"6","key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1570.1","volume":"94","author":"Valki\u016bnas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"issue":"5","key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2796.1","volume":"97","author":"Valki\u016bnas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-1034-z","volume":"92","author":"Vot\u00fdpka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.032110-0","volume":"62","author":"Vot\u00fdpka","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250190","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.250190","volume":"15","author":"Vot\u00fdpka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Biology"},{"key":"R62","first-page":"225","volume":"43","author":"Vot\u00fdpka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Protozoologica"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1139\/z82-269","volume":"60","author":"Woo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613172","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.613172","volume":"9","author":"Yong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.10.022","volume":"12","author":"Z\u00eddkov\u00e1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"}],"container-title":["Parasite"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.parasite-journal.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2026036\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T07:58:32Z","timestamp":1783497512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.parasite-journal.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2026036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["parasite260023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2026036","relation":{},"ISSN":["1776-1042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1776-1042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}