{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T08:09:52Z","timestamp":1785312592557,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":209,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agence R\u00e9gionale de Sant\u00e9 -Grand Est","award":["202312139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202312139"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The occurrence of the\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    tick in forested and rural areas is well documented across Europe; however, its presence in urban environments remains less investigated. This study focused on the city of Strasbourg, located in eastern France, a region endemic for ticks and tick-borne diseases, to identify high-risk ecosystems along an urbanization gradient. Questing ticks were collected from eight sites: four urban parks, a botanical garden, and three peri-urban forests. A total of 880 ticks were collected, and 657 nymphs were analyzed for the presence of the pathogens\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu lato,\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Neoehrlichia mikurensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    using molecular methods. Regularly maintained urban parks presented a low risk of tick bites or tick-borne bacterial infections, including Lyme borreliosis, anaplasmosis, and neoehrlichiosis. In contrast, peri-urban alluvial forests exhibited a high risk of tick bites and potentially infectious diseases, with a mean nymph density of 21.16 (range 18.25\u201324.75) per 100 m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    and a mean density of infected nymph of 7.00 (range 4.93\u201310.21) per 100 m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    for the three pathogens investigated. Owing to their high humidity and diverse fauna, alluvial forests provide particularly favorable microhabitats for\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks and the circulation of their associated pathogens. In the context of climate change and increasing urban greening initiatives, greener cities may inadvertently increase the risk of tick-borne diseases in urban environments. Therefore, implementing appropriate park and forest management strategies, together with public awareness campaigns, is essential to reduce acarological risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2026043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T07:54:26Z","timestamp":1785311666000},"page":"40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental hazard of tick-borne diseases in urban and peri-urban sites in an endemic area of eastern France"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Joke","family":"Stynen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UR3073: PHAVI: Borrelia Group, Institute of Bacteriology, University of Strasbourg","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Barthel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR3073: PHAVI: Borrelia Group, Institute of Bacteriology, University of Strasbourg","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armand","family":"Maul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurine","family":"Villeneuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR3073: PHAVI: Borrelia Group, Institute of Bacteriology, University of Strasbourg","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9818-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Boulanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR3073: PHAVI: Borrelia Group, Institute of Bacteriology, University of Strasbourg","place":["France"]},{"name":"French National Reference Center for Borrelia, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2025.102520","volume":"16","author":"Barthel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1308.061560","volume":"13","author":"Bonnet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59867-x","volume":"14","author":"Boulanger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632832","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1632832","volume":"16","author":"Boulanger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0223735","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223735","volume":"14","author":"Boyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1973347","volume":"10","author":"Boyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes & Infections"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020245","volume":"10","author":"Boyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0185430","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185430","volume":"12","author":"Boyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-024-00932-5","volume":"93","author":"Ciebiera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Experimental and Applied Acarology"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330914","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1330914","volume":"15","author":"Cirkovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00036","volume":"3","author":"Coipan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1316-1318.2004","volume":"42","author":"Collares-Pereira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725","volume":"35","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics"},{"key":"R14","first-page":"183","volume":"37","author":"Daniel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Folia Parasitologica"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-121423-013702","volume":"71","author":"Diuk-Wasser","year":"2026","journal-title":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2007.05.018","volume":"84","author":"Fuente","year":"2008","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1038\/s44284-025-00320-z","volume":"2","author":"Gandy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Cities"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gassner F, Hansford K, Medlock J. 2016. Greener cities, a wild card for ticks? in Ecology and prevention of Lyme borreliosis. Braks MAH, Takken W, Spong H, Editor. Wageningen Academic Publishers. p. 187\u2013203.","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-838-4_13"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1890\/11-0458.1","volume":"22","author":"Gilbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray JS, Kahl O. 2022. Tick ecology and the eco-epidemiology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, in Lyme Borreliosis, HK and GJ, Editors. Springer, Switzerland. p. 31\u201345.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-93680-8_2"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.44.7.610","volume":"44","author":"Guy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haidar-Ahmad A, Barthel C, Rivera-Vallejo RA, Maul A, Poulle M-L, Boulanger N. 2025. Dynamics of Ixodes ricinus and associated bacterial pathogens in the forest and agricultural ecosystems of northeastern France. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 91.","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00793-25"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12913","volume":"69","author":"Hansford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonoses and Public Health"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101857","volume":"13","author":"Hansford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2024.100209","volume":"6","author":"Hartemink","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.235","volume":"670","author":"Heylen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"R27","first-page":"237","volume":"40","author":"Humair","year":"1993","journal-title":"Folia Parasitologica"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00393-2","volume":"2","author":"Humair","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes and Infection"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-8","volume":"5","author":"Jaenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-365","volume":"7","author":"Jahfari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-74","volume":"5","author":"Jahfari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18540-8","volume":"24","author":"Janz\u00e9n","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102114","volume":"14","author":"Kahl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases"},{"key":"R34","first-page":"1722","volume":"372","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2011.12.005","volume":"72","author":"Koebel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05519-w","volume":"15","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3799-7","volume":"12","author":"Lejal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0183543","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183543","volume":"12","author":"Marchant","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.100737","volume":"17","author":"Martinot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04451-1","volume":"13","author":"Mathews-Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-024-00380-9","volume":"23","author":"Mazaleyrat","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Geographics"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-1","volume":"6","author":"Medlock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1194","volume":"13","author":"Mulder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9050933","volume":"9","author":"Norte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12403","DOI":"10.1002\/2688-8319.12403","volume":"6","author":"Olsthoorn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecological Solutions and Evidence"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-238","volume":"6","author":"Pangr\u00e1cov\u00e1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00144797","volume":"8","author":"Perez-Eid","year":"1992","journal-title":"European Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101625","volume":"12","author":"Plantard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0866-2","volume":"22","author":"Quessada","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0103","volume":"11","author":"Reis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207878","DOI":"10.1080\/20008686.2023.2207878","volume":"13","author":"Richter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infection Ecology & Epidemiology"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00051474","volume":"20","author":"Rijpkema","year":"1996","journal-title":"Experimental & Applied Acarology"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00251","volume":"2","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23221-1","volume":"25","author":"Robert","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102029","volume":"13","author":"Rubel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Germany. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases"},{"key":"R56","unstructured":"Sant\u00e9 Publique France. 2024. Enc\u00e9phalite \u00e0 tiques en France\u00a0: am\u00e9lioration de la surveillance par le signalement obligatoire."},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11850-1","volume":"21","author":"Septfons","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200961","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.32.2200961","volume":"28","author":"Septfons","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2020-0145","volume":"16","author":"Sevestre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Microbiology"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-015-9935-y","volume":"68","author":"Silaghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Experimental Applied Acarology"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12767","volume":"67","author":"Sormunen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses and Public Health"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13124","volume":"71","author":"Sormunen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zoonoses and Public Health"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2744-5","volume":"11","author":"Sprong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite and Vectors"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60103-7","volume":"379","author":"Stanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.90","volume":"2","author":"Steere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Review Disease Primers"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00609","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00609-17","volume":"83","author":"Strnad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.181741","volume":"25","author":"VanAcker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.20497","volume":"19","author":"Veinovi\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.09.015","volume":"9","author":"Velay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2026.101328","volume":"22","author":"Volfov\u00e1","year":"2026","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.02.008","volume":"7","author":"Vourc\u2019h","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04493-5","volume":"13","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040735","volume":"12","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101766","volume":"12","author":"Wolcott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases"}],"container-title":["Parasite"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.parasite-journal.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2026043\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T07:54:37Z","timestamp":1785311677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.parasite-journal.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2026043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["parasite260049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2026043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1776-1042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1776-1042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}