{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T13:21:43Z","timestamp":1760016103352},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/www.edpsciences.org\/en\/authors\/copyright-and-licensing"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["A&amp;A"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AU Mic is a young planetary system with a resolved debris disc showing signs of planet formation and two transiting warm Neptunes near mean-motion resonances. Here we analyse three transits of AU Mic b observed with the CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS), supplemented with sector 1 and 27 Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry, and the All-Sky Automated Survey from the ground. The refined orbital period of AU Mic b is 8.462995 \u00b1 0.000003 d, whereas the stellar rotational period is <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rot<\/jats:sub> = 4.8367 \u00b1 0.0006 d. The two periods indicate a 7:4 spin\u2013orbit commensurability at a precision of 0.1%. Therefore, all transits are observed in front of one of the four possible stellar central longitudes. This is strongly supported by the observation that the same complex star-spot pattern is seen in the second and third CHEOPS visits that were separated by four orbits (and seven stellar rotations). Using a bootstrap analysis we find that flares and star spots reduce the accuracy of transit parameters by up to 10% in the planet-to-star radius ratio and the accuracy on transit time by 3\u20134 min. Nevertheless, occulted stellar spot features independently confirm the presence of transit timing variations (TTVs) with an amplitude of at least 4 min. We find that the outer companion, AU Mic c, may cause the observed TTVs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202140345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T18:51:56Z","timestamp":1628189516000},"page":"A159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["The changing face of AU Mic b: stellar spots, spin-orbit commensurability, and transit timing variations as seen by CHEOPS and TESS"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"654","author":[{"given":"Gy. M.","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Gandolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Brandeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sz.","family":"Csizmadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Garai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N.","family":"Billot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C.","family":"Broeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Ehrenreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Fortier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L.","family":"Fossati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hoyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L.","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. Lecavelier","family":"des Etangs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P. F. L.","family":"Maxted","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I.","family":"Ribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Alibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Anglada Escud\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"T.","family":"B\u00e1rczy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S. C. C.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Barrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"W.","family":"Baumjohann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"T.","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bekkelien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"X.","family":"Bonfils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"W.","family":"Benz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L.","family":"Borsato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M-D.","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Charnoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Collier Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C. Corral","family":"Van Damme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. B.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L.","family":"Delrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Deleuil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"O. D. S.","family":"Demangeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B.-O.","family":"Demory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Erikson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Fridlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Futyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Gillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Guedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Guterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K.","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K. G.","family":"Isaak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Lacedelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Laskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Lendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C.","family":"Lovis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Luntzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Magrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V.","family":"Nascimbeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Olofsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H. P.","family":"Osborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.","family":"Ottensamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I.","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"Pall\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Piotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Pollacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Queloz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.","family":"Ragazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N.","family":"Rando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H.","family":"Rauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N. C.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Scandariato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"S\u00e9gransan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L. M.","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Sicilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. M. S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S. G.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Steller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Udry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V.","family":"Van Grootel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N. A.","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"T. G.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ac1685","volume":"162","author":"Addison","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/sty2472","volume":"482","author":"Barrag\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stt111","volume":"430","author":"Barros","year":"2013","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10686-020-09679-4","volume":"51","author":"Benz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Astron."},{"key":"R5","first-page":"242","volume":"78","author":"Berdyugina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mem. Soc. Astron. It.i"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A109","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201219115","volume":"545","author":"Boisse","year":"2012","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A157","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039608","volume":"646","author":"Bonfanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Box G. P. E. & \nJenkins G. M. \n1976, in \nHolden-Day Series in Time Series Analysis (San Francisco, CA: Holden-Day)"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1086\/320580","volume":"552","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/704\/1\/51","volume":"704","author":"Carter","year":"2009","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4442","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa349","volume":"496","author":"Csizmadia","year":"2020","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/aa65d1","volume":"153","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/153\/1\/40","volume":"153","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1088\/0067-0049\/197\/1\/14","volume":"197","author":"D\u00e9sert","year":"2011","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/796\/2\/132","volume":"796","author":"Dumusque","year":"2014","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/sty2691","volume":"482","author":"Espinoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201833051","volume":"616","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L13","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/aba6eb","volume":"899","author":"Hirano","year":"2020","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A24","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201936325","volume":"635","author":"Hoyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093420","volume":"303","author":"Kalas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R21","first-page":"67","volume":"62","author":"Kiraga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Astron."},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa3702","volume":"502","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A38","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/200913071","volume":"512","author":"Lagrange","year":"2010","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A23","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201219002","volume":"544","author":"Lanza","year":"2012","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:200810591","volume":"493","author":"Lanza","year":"2009","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A44","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201117270","volume":"533","author":"Lanza","year":"2011","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A94","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202038677","volume":"643","author":"Lendl","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/761\/2\/122","volume":"761","author":"Lithwick","year":"2012","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stu1894","volume":"445","author":"Mamajek","year":"2014","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L171","DOI":"10.1086\/345520","volume":"580","author":"Mandel","year":"2002","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202038695","volume":"641","author":"Martioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A177","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202040235","volume":"649","author":"Martioli","year":"2021","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R33","first-page":"433","volume":"244","author":"Mathioudakis","year":"1991","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A33","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201834563","volume":"622","author":"Maxted","year":"2019","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/800\/2\/142","volume":"800","author":"Mazeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L11","DOI":"10.1088\/2041-8205\/775\/1\/L11","volume":"775","author":"McQuillan","year":"2013","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1088\/0067-0049\/211\/2\/24","volume":"211","author":"McQuillan","year":"2014","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A179","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202038765","volume":"642","author":"Miret-Roig","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3847\/0004-6256\/151\/6\/150","volume":"151","author":"Mo\u010dnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stx1557","volume":"471","author":"Mo\u010dnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1086\/173003","volume":"413","author":"Murdoch","year":"1993","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L10","DOI":"10.1088\/2041-8205\/740\/1\/L10","volume":"740","author":"Nutzman","year":"2011","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A25","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202038583","volume":"643","author":"Palle","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2400-z","volume":"582","author":"Plavchan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R45","first-page":"467","volume":"47","author":"Pojmanski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Astron."},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2008.12852.x","volume":"385","author":"Pont","year":"2008","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A82","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202037586","volume":"641","author":"Rosich","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012189","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1028\/1\/012189","volume":"1028","author":"Saleh Ahmar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/743\/1\/61","volume":"743","author":"Sanchis-Ojeda","year":"2011","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/733\/2\/127","volume":"733","author":"Sanchis-Ojeda","year":"2011","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R51","first-page":"317","volume":"215","author":"Sasselov","year":"2010","journal-title":"AAS Meeting Abs."},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063772911030061","volume":"55","author":"Savanov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Astron. Rep."},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A25","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/200911904","volume":"510","author":"Silva-Valio","year":"2010","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A58","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201833350","volume":"620","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R55","first-page":"3","volume":"335","author":"Sterken","year":"2005","journal-title":"ASP Conf. Ser."},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00159-009-0020-6","volume":"17","author":"Strassmeier","year":"2009","journal-title":"A&ARv"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1086\/667698","volume":"124","author":"Stumpe","year":"2012","journal-title":"PASP"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3933.2012.01219.x","volume":"421","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"2012","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A109","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/200913913","volume":"533","author":"Tognelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20065602","volume":"460","author":"Torres","year":"2006","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stt1700","volume":"436","author":"Walkowicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R62","first-page":"259","volume":"233","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"AAS Meeting Abs."},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L8","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ab40bf","volume":"883","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:200811296","volume":"496","author":"Zechmeister","year":"2009","journal-title":"A&A"}],"container-title":["Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aanda.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202140345\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T08:07:50Z","timestamp":1635235670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aanda.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202140345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["aa40345-21"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202140345","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-6361","1432-0746"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-6361","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0746","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}}}