{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T19:25:53Z","timestamp":1776194753230,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/www.edpsciences.org\/en\/authors\/copyright-and-licensing"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["A&amp;A"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>GJ 436b might be the prototype of warm Neptunes that have undergone late migration induced by an outer companion. Precise determination of the orbital architecture of such systems is critical to constraining their dynamical history and evaluating the role of delayed migration in the exoplanet population. To this purpose we analyzed the Rossiter\u2013McLaughlin (RM) signal of GJ 436 b in two transits \u2013 recently observed with ESPRESSO \u2013 using three different techniques. The high level of precision achieved in radial velocity (RV) measurements allows us to detect the deviation from the Keplerian orbit, despite the slow rotation of the M dwarf host (<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic> sin <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>*<\/jats:sub> = 272.0<jats:sub>\u221234.0<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+40.0<\/jats:sup> m s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), and to measure the sky-projected obliquity (<jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic> = 102.5<jats:sub>\u221218.5<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+17.2<\/jats:sup><jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup>). The Reloaded RM technique, which allows the stellar RV field along the transit chord to be analyzed, yields <jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic> = 107.5<jats:sub>\u221219.3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+26.6<\/jats:sup><jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup> and <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic> sin <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>*<\/jats:sub> = 292.9<jats:sub>\u221249.9<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+41.9<\/jats:sup> m s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. The RM Revolutions technique, which allows us to fit the spectral profiles from all planet-occulted regions together, yields <jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic> = 114.1<jats:sub>\u221217.8<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+22.8<\/jats:sup><jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup> and <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic> sin <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>*<\/jats:sub> = 300.5<jats:sub>\u221257.0<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+45.9<\/jats:sup> m s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. The consistent results between these three techniques, and with published results from HARPS\/HARPS-N data, confirm the polar orbit of GJ 436b and support the hypothesis that its origin lies in Kozai migration. Results from a joint RM Revolutions analysis of the ESPRESSO, HARPS, and HARPS-N datasets (<jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic> = 113.5<jats:sub>\u221217.3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+23.3<\/jats:sup><jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic> sin <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>*<\/jats:sub> = 293.5<jats:sub>\u221252.2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+43.7<\/jats:sup> m s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) combined with a revised stellar inclination (<jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>*<\/jats:sub> = 35.7<jats:sub>\u22127.6<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+5.9<\/jats:sup><jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup> or 144.2<jats:sub>\u22125.9<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+7.6<\/jats:sup><jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup>) lead us to constrain the 3D obliquity \u03a8 to 103.2<jats:sub>\u221211.5<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+12.8<\/jats:sup><jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T08:51:24Z","timestamp":1645779084000},"page":"A160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The polar orbit of the warm Neptune GJ 436b seen with VLT\/ESPRESSO"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"663","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Bourrier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. R.","family":"Zapatero Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.","family":"Allart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"O.","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Cretignier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"X.","family":"Dumusque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C.","family":"Lovis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V.","family":"Adibekyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F.","family":"Borsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. I. Gonz\u00e1lez","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Mehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N. C.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"T.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. V.","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Sozzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Alibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N.","family":"Casasayas-Barris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Ehrenreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Lo Curto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C. J. A. P.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Di Marcantonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"M\u00e9gevand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N. J.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"Palle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"Poretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S. G.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac0f03","volume":"916","author":"Albrecht","year":"2021","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A58","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201834917","volume":"623","author":"Allart","year":"2019","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stv2906","volume":"456","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A40","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039452","volume":"647","author":"Attia","year":"2021","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1051\/aas:1996251","volume":"119","author":"Baranne","year":"1996","journal-title":"A&AS"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-021-01505-x","volume":"6","author":"Ben-Jaffel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A88","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201219183","volume":"545","author":"Beust","year":"2012","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A53","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201220146","volume":"550","author":"Bou\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A65","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201424266","volume":"569","author":"Bourrier","year":"2014","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A33","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201629973","volume":"599","author":"Bourrier","year":"2017","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A147","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201833675","volume":"620","author":"Bourrier","year":"2018","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24677","volume":"553","author":"Bourrier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A152","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202141527","volume":"654","author":"Bourrier","year":"2021","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1086\/527432","volume":"676","author":"Browning","year":"2008","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A26","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039539","volume":"647","author":"Casasayas-Barris","year":"2021","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A127","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201527794","volume":"588","author":"Cegla","year":"2016","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3847\/0004-637X\/819\/1\/67","volume":"819","author":"Cegla","year":"2016","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A37","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201936967","volume":"635","author":"Correia","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A47","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201935663","volume":"629","author":"dos Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14501","volume":"522","author":"Ehrenreich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1086\/521702","volume":"669","author":"Fabrycky","year":"2007","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1086\/670067","volume":"125","author":"Foreman-Mackey","year":"2013","journal-title":"PASP"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A6","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201219058","volume":"553","author":"Husser","year":"2013","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572","volume":"90","author":"Kass","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ab6e66","volume":"159","author":"Kirk","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/794\/2\/155","volume":"794","author":"Knutson","year":"2014","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1086\/683602","volume":"127","author":"Kreidberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"PASP"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/786\/2\/132","volume":"786","author":"Kulow","year":"2014","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A73","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201424373","volume":"572","author":"Lanotte","year":"2014","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L7","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201731340","volume":"605","author":"Lavie","year":"2017","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3933.2007.00306.x","volume":"377","author":"Liddle","year":"2007","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aadd9e","volume":"866","author":"Lothringer","year":"2018","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R33","unstructured":"Mardling R.A. 2008, ArXiv e-prints [arXiv:0805.1928]"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A39","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201832944","volume":"616","author":"Maxted","year":"2018","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stab3371","volume":"514","author":"Maxted","year":"2022","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/aa8405","volume":"154","author":"Morello","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2008.13809.x","volume":"390","author":"Morin","year":"2008","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-astro-081915-023315","volume":"54","author":"Naoz","year":"2016","journal-title":"ARA&A"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab8559","volume":"894","author":"Ninan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5012","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/sty1760","volume":"479","author":"Owen","year":"2018","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A61","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202037719","volume":"638","author":"Palle","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20020433","volume":"388","author":"Pepe","year":"2002","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A96","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202038306","volume":"645","author":"Pepe","year":"2021","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L5","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/abb952","volume":"902","author":"Petrovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/abcd3c","volume":"161","author":"Piaulet","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","volume":"6","author":"Schwarz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Statist."},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0067-5","volume":"557","author":"Spake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ac178a","volume":"162","author":"Spake","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L15","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac6e3c","volume":"931","author":"Stefansson","year":"2022","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triaud A.H.M.J. 2018, The Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect in Exoplanet Research, 2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55333-7_2"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A117","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201731442","volume":"609","author":"Trifonov","year":"2018","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stz3256","volume":"491","author":"Wehbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/200913149","volume":"508","author":"Wende","year":"2009","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/aabfec","volume":"155","author":"Yee","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJ"}],"container-title":["Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aanda.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T18:51:34Z","timestamp":1663613494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aanda.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["aa42559-21"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142559","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-6361","1432-0746"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-6361","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0746","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}}}