{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:43:22Z","timestamp":1763729002669,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["A&amp;A"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a comprehensive analysis of the planetary microlensing event OGLE-2015-BLG-1609. The planetary anomaly was detected by two survey telescopes, OGLE and MOA. Both surveys collected enough data over the planetary anomaly to enable an unambiguous planet detection. Such survey detections of planetary anomalies are needed to build a robust sample of planets, which could improve studies on the microlensing planetary occurrence rate by reducing biases and statistical uncertainties. In this work we examined different methods for modeling microlensing events using individual datasets. In particular, we incorporated a Galactic model prior to better constrain the poorly defined microlensing parallax. Ultimately, we fitted a comprehensive model to all available data, identifying three potential topologies, with two showing comparably high Bayesian evidence. Our analysis indicates that the host of the planet is either a brown dwarf, with a probability of 34%, or a low-mass stellar object (M dwarf), with a probability of 66%. The topology that provides the best fit to the data results in an extraordinary low host mass, <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub> = 0.025<jats:sup>+0.050<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>-0.012<\/jats:sub>M<jats:sub>\u2299<\/jats:sub>,\n \n accompanied by an Earth-mass planet with <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> = \n1.9<jats:sup>+3.9<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>-1.0<\/jats:sub>M<jats:sub>\u2295<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202453454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T07:54:29Z","timestamp":1746086069000},"page":"A126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["OGLE-2015-BLG-1609Lb: A sub-Jovian planet orbiting a low-mass stellar or brown dwarf host"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"698","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8911-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. J.","family":"Mr\u00f3z","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9245-6368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Poleski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5207-5619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Udalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"T.","family":"Sumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8411-351X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y.","family":"Tsapras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0961-5231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Hundertmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2339-5899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Pietrukowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0548-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. K.","family":"Szyma\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2335-1730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Skowron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Mr\u00f3z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1650-1518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Gromadzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Iwanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Koz\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ratajczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K. A.","family":"Rybicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9439-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. M.","family":"Skowron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I.","family":"Soszy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K.","family":"Ulaczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3051-274X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Wrona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F.","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K.","family":"Bando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D. P.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I. A.","family":"Bond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N.","family":"Hamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Hirao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2267-1246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Ishitani Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Itow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N.","family":"Koshimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9629-4810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y.","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9818-1513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Muraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"T.","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K.","family":"Nunota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Olmschenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2388-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Ranc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N. J.","family":"Rattenbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Satoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S. K.","family":"Terry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8289-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. J.","family":"Tristram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Vandorou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H.","family":"Yama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6279-0552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. A.","family":"Street","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6578-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Bachelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3202-0343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Dominik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4319-0628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Cassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3425-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Figuera Jaimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1728-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Horne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9328-2905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Snodgrass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5055-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Wambsganss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I. A.","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Menzies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7303-914X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U. G.","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9330-5003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Longa-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N.","family":"Peixinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Skottfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Southworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. I.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4590-0136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V.","family":"Bozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5854-4217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. J.","family":"Burgdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"D\u2019Ago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8870-3146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. C.","family":"Hinse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1743-4468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Kerins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H.","family":"Korhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"K\u00fcffmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9428-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2935-7196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Rabus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Rahvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3608","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stx2367","volume":"473","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1086\/305984","volume":"503","author":"Alard","year":"1998","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L111","DOI":"10.1086\/338657","volume":"563","author":"An","year":"2001","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R4","first-page":"755","volume":"20","author":"Berdyugina","year":"1994","journal-title":"Astron. Lett."},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1086\/132281","volume":"100","author":"Bessell","year":"1988","journal-title":"PASP"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2001.04776.x","volume":"327","author":"Bond","year":"2001","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3933.2008.00464.x","volume":"386","author":"Bramich","year":"2008","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A75","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201116451","volume":"529","author":"Claret","year":"2011","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L87","DOI":"10.1086\/310405","volume":"473","author":"Crotts","year":"1996","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/asna.201011400","volume":"331","author":"Dominik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Astron. Nachr."},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1086\/670067","volume":"125","author":"Foreman-Mackey","year":"2013","journal-title":"PASP"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202243940","volume":"674","author":"Vallenari","year":"2023","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1086\/304491","volume":"486","author":"Gaudi","year":"1997","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2140\/camcos.2010.5.65","volume":"5","author":"Goodman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Commun. Appl. Math. Computat. Sci."},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1086\/317037","volume":"542","author":"Gould","year":"2000","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/720\/2\/1073","volume":"720","author":"Gould","year":"2010","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A13","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202243744","volume":"664","author":"Gould","year":"2022","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A106","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202451620","volume":"692","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1086\/301243","volume":"119","author":"Houdashelt","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ac38ad","volume":"163","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/aaf87f","volume":"157","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ac9c5c","volume":"164","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/accb8f","volume":"165","author":"Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R24","unstructured":"Koshimoto N., & Ranc C. 2022, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.6869520"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac07a8","volume":"917","author":"Koshimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L8","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac17ec","volume":"918","author":"Koshimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab5fd3","volume":"889","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3308","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stz1873","volume":"488","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L37","DOI":"10.1086\/186066","volume":"374","author":"Mao","year":"1991","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mr\u00f3z P., & Poleski R. 2024, Exoplanet Occurrence Rates from Microlensing Surveys (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30648-3_208-1"},{"key":"R31","first-page":"127","volume":"73","author":"Mr\u00f3z","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Astron."},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad9b14","volume":"980","author":"Mr\u00f3z","year":"2025","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/769\/2\/88","volume":"769","author":"Nataf","year":"2013","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stv2843","volume":"456","author":"Nataf","year":"2016","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad3cdc","volume":"967","author":"Nunota","year":"2024","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/164140","volume":"304","author":"Paczynski","year":"1986","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3847\/0004-637X\/830\/2\/150","volume":"830","author":"Penny","year":"2016","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2018.11.001","volume":"26","author":"Poleski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Astron. Comput."},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ad1888","volume":"167","author":"Ryu","year":"2024","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1086\/149446","volume":"151","author":"Schmidt","year":"1968","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ace96d","volume":"166","author":"Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ad3ba3","volume":"167","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A54","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201425260","volume":"574","author":"Skottfelt","year":"2015","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R44","first-page":"1","volume":"66","author":"Skowron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Astron."},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/833\/2\/145","volume":"833","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ad5444","volume":"168","author":"Terry","year":"2024","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8100365","volume":"8","author":"Tsapras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosciences"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/asna.200811130","volume":"330","author":"Tsapras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Astron. Nachr."},{"key":"R49","first-page":"291","volume":"53","author":"Udalski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Astron."},{"key":"R50","first-page":"69","volume":"58","author":"Udalski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Astron."},{"key":"R51","first-page":"1","volume":"65","author":"Udalski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Astron."},{"key":"R52","first-page":"1","volume":"68","author":"Udalski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Astron."},{"key":"R53","unstructured":"Vandorou A., Dang L., Bennett D. P., et al. 2023, arXiv e-prints, [arXiv:2302.01168]"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stab3581","volume":"510","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R55","first-page":"421","volume":"50","author":"Wozniak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Astron."},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A23","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202243756","volume":"674","author":"Wyrzykowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ab660e","volume":"159","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/755\/2\/102","volume":"755","author":"Yee","year":"2012","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ac12d4","volume":"162","author":"Zang","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stac1883","volume":"515","author":"Zang","year":"2022","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/acb34b","volume":"165","author":"Zang","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJ"}],"container-title":["Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aanda.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202453454\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T07:54:04Z","timestamp":1749714844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aanda.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202453454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["aa53454-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202453454","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-6361","1432-0746"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0004-6361"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-0746"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}}}