{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:10:36Z","timestamp":1774555836375,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000271","name":"STFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ST\/Y001281\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/Y001281\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"MSCA Educado","award":["GA 101119830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 101119830"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/Z534353\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/Z534353\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["A&amp;A"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We examine the star cluster populations in the three nearby (3.20\u20133.45 Mpc) galaxies IC 342, NGC 2403, and Holmberg II, observed as part of the\n                    <jats:italic>Euclid<\/jats:italic>\n                    Early Release Observations programme. Our main focus in this paper is old globular clusters (GCs), for which the wide field of view and excellent image quality of\n                    <jats:italic>Euclid<\/jats:italic>\n                    offer substantial advantages over previous works. With respect to IC 342, in particular, this is the first study of stellar clusters that goes beyond its nuclear cluster. After a selection process based on size and magnitude criteria, followed by visual inspection, we identified 111 old (\u22731 Gyr) GC candidates in IC 342, 49 in NGC 2403 (of which 15 were previously known), along with 7 in Holmberg II. In addition, a number of younger and\/or intermediate-age candidates were identified. The colour distributions of GC candidates in the two larger galaxies show hints of bimodality, with peaks at (\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2212{H\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.36 and 0.79 in both IC 342 and NGC 2403, corresponding to metallicities of [Fe\/H]\u2004\u2248\u2004\u22121.5 and [Fe\/H]\u2004\u2248\u2004\u22120.5. These results are similar to those reported for the metal-poor and metal-rich GC subpopulations in the Milky Way. The luminosity functions of our GC candidates exhibit an excess of relatively faint objects, relative to a canonical, approximately Gaussian GC luminosity function (GCLF). Although some contamination from background galaxies and younger clusters might be present in our GC samples, we argue that the excess could be at least partially real. In particular, we find this could be the case for IC 342, where the excess objects could be similar to those previously identified, for example, in M101 and NGC 6946. The specific frequency of old GCs in IC 342, as determined on the basis of the brighter half of the GCLF, appears to be unusually low with\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2004\u2248\u20040.2\u20130.3. The combined luminosity function of young and intermediate-age clusters in all three galaxies is consistent with a power-law distribution of d\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/d\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2004\u221d\u2004\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122.3\u2005\u00b1\u20050.1<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The total numbers of young clusters brighter than\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) = \u22128 in NGC 2403 and Holmberg II are comparable with those found in their Local Group counterparts, namely, M33 and the Small Magellanic Cloud, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202554661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T18:43:12Z","timestamp":1757961792000},"page":"A113","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>Euclid<\/i>\n                    : Star clusters in IC 342, NGC 2403, and Holmberg II"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"703","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0069-1203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. S.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astrophysics\/IMAPP, Radboud University","place":["The Netherlands"]}]},{"given":"A. M. N.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Annibali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"J.-C.","family":"Cuillandre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CEA, CNRS, AIM","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"L. K.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Lan\u00e7on","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Saifollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Massari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"M. N.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrof\u00edsica","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Aghanim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d\u2019astrophysique spatiale","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Altieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAC\/ESA","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Amara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Andreon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Auricchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Baccigalupi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN, Sezione di Trieste","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Baldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN-Sezione di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Balestra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Bardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Biviano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Branchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Genova","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN-Sezione di Genova","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Brescia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics \"E. Pancini\", University Federico II","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Brinchmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Universidade do Porto, CAUP","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Camera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN-Sezione di Torino","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Capobianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-IASF Milano","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Carretero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CIEMAT)","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Port d\u2019Informaci\u00f3 Cient\u00edfica, Campus UAB","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Castignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Cavuoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN section of Naples","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"K. C.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Cimatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \u201cAugusto Righi\" \u2013 Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Colodro-Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Congedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"C. J.","family":"Conselice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Conversi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency\/ESRIN","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"ESAC\/ESA","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Copin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS\/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Courbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB)","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats (ICREA)","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"H. M.","family":"Courtois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCB Lyon 1, CNRS\/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Cropper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Degaudenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"G.","family":"De Lucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Dole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d\u2019astrophysique spatiale","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Douspis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d\u2019astrophysique spatiale","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Dubath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Dupac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAC\/ESA","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Dusini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Padova","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Escoffier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS\/IN2P3, CPPM","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Fabricius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e4ts-Sternwarte M\u00fcnchen, Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Faustini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ferriol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS\/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Fotopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Frailis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Franceschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Galeotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"K.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4ts-Sternwarte M\u00fcnchen, Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Gillis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Giocoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN-Sezione di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"P.","family":"G\u00f3mez-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FRACTAL S.L.N.E.","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"ESAC\/ESA","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Gracia-Carpio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Grazian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Grupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e4ts-Sternwarte M\u00fcnchen, Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"S. V. H.","family":"Haugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo","place":["Norway"]}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden Observatory, Leiden University","place":["The Netherlands"]}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Hormuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Felix Hormuth Engineering","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Hornstrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Denmark","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)","place":["Denmark"]}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Jahnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Astronomie","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Jhabvala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Keih\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics","place":["Finland"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kermiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS\/IN2P3, CPPM","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kiessling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Kohley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAC\/ESA","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Kubik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS\/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kuijken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden Observatory, Leiden University","place":["The Netherlands"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"K\u00fcmmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4ts-Sternwarte M\u00fcnchen, Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, D\u00e9partement de Physique Th\u00e9orique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Kurki-Suonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf H\u00e4llstr\u00f6min katu 2, University of Helsinki","place":["Finland"]}]},{"given":"A. M. C.","family":"Le Brun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019etude de l\u2019Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Universit\u00e9 PSL, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ligori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"P. B.","family":"Lilje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo","place":["Norway"]}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Lindholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf H\u00e4llstr\u00f6min katu 2, University of Helsinki","place":["Finland"]}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Lloro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SKA Observatory","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Maino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica \u201cAldo Pontremoli\", Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INAF-IASF Milano","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN-Sezione di Milano","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Maiorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Mansutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Marggraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Bonn, Argelander-Institut f\u00fcr Astronomie","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN-Sezione di Roma","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Martinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, CNES, LAM","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Marulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \u201cAugusto Righi\" \u2013 Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN-Sezione di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Massey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Medinaceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie","place":["France"]},{"name":"CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binetruy, IRL2007","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Mellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Astrophysique de Paris","place":["France"]},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Meneghetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN-Sezione di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Meylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA)","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Moresco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \u201cAugusto Righi\" \u2013 Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Moscardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \u201cAugusto Righi\" \u2013 Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN-Sezione di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Neissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de F\u00edsica d\u2019Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Port d\u2019Informaci\u00f3 Cient\u00edfica, Campus UAB","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"S.-M.","family":"Niemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency\/ESTEC","place":["The Netherlands"]}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de F\u00edsica d\u2019Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Paltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Pasian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen","place":["Denmark"]}]},{"given":"W. J.","family":"Percival","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics","place":["Canada"]}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Pettorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency\/ESTEC","place":["The Netherlands"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CEA, CNRS, AIM","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Polenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Poncet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales \u2013 Centre spatial de Toulouse","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"L. A.","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science","place":["Romania"]}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Pozzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Raison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Renzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \u201cG. Galilei\", Universit\u00e0 di Padova","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN-Padova","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Riccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Romelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Roncarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Saglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4ts-Sternwarte M\u00fcnchen, Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Sakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Plan\u00e9tologie (IRAP), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES","place":["France"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences","place":["Lebanon"]}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Sapone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, FCFM, Universidad de Chile","place":["Chile"]}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Sartoris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4ts-Sternwarte M\u00fcnchen, Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Schewtschenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Schirmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Astronomie","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Bonn, Argelander-Institut f\u00fcr Astronomie","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Secroun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS\/IN2P3, CPPM","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Astronomie","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Seiffert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Satlantis, University Science Park","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Bonn, Argelander-Institut f\u00fcr Astronomie","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Sirignano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \u201cG. Galilei\", Universit\u00e0 di Padova","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN-Padova","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Sirri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Sezione di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Skottfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Electronic Imaging, Open University","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Stanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Padova","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Steinwagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Tallada-Cresp\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CIEMAT)","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Port d\u2019Informaci\u00f3 Cient\u00edfica, Campus UAB","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"A. N.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Tereno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Toledo-Moreo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electr\u00f3nica y Tecnolog\u00eda de Computadoras","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Torradeflot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Port d\u2019Informaci\u00f3 Cient\u00edfica, Campus UAB","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CIEMAT)","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Tsyganov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Information Technology, University of Groningen","place":["The Netherlands"]}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Tutusaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Plan\u00e9tologie (IRAP), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Valenziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN-Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Valiviita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf H\u00e4llstr\u00f6min katu 2, University of Helsinki","place":["Finland"]}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4ts-Sternwarte M\u00fcnchen, Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Verdoes Kleijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen","place":["The Netherlands"]}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Veropalumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INFN-Sezione di Genova","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Genova","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Weller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4ts-Sternwarte M\u00fcnchen, Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Zamorani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"F. M.","family":"Zerbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Zucca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Mart\u00edn-Fleitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA)","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Scottez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Astrophysique de Paris","place":["France"]},{"name":"ICL, Junia, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Lille, LITL","place":["France"]}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa2380","volume":"499","author":"Adamo","year":"2020","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-020-00690-x","volume":"216","author":"Adamo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"R3","first-page":"5101","volume":"491","author":"Annibali","year":"2020","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1086\/117248","volume":"108","author":"Ashman","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.19814.x","volume":"419","author":"Barker","year":"2012","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1086\/505689","volume":"132","author":"Barmby","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R7","first-page":"162","volume":"130","author":"Battistini","year":"1984","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/sty1057","volume":"478","author":"Baumgardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stv943","volume":"451","author":"Beasley","year":"2015","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stad3920","volume":"528","author":"Belokurov","year":"2024","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2012.22025.x","volume":"426","author":"Bernard","year":"2012","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1051\/aas:1996164","volume":"117","author":"Bertin","year":"1996","journal-title":"A&AS"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1086\/339181","volume":"123","author":"Billett","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1086\/510127","volume":"133","author":"Blanton","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1086\/300985","volume":"118","author":"B\u00f6ker","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2012.21948.x","volume":"427","author":"Bressan","year":"2012","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1086\/116102","volume":"103","author":"Bridges","year":"1992","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1086\/341824","volume":"124","author":"Brodie","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R19","first-page":"61","volume":"306","author":"Buat","year":"1996","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1086\/338899","volume":"123","author":"Bureau","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ab5b0e","volume":"159","author":"Burkert","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stac1145","volume":"513","author":"Callingham","year":"2022","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab4c32","volume":"886","author":"Carlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad8dcd","volume":"977","author":"Carlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R25","unstructured":"Chambers K. C., Magnier E. A., Metcalfe N., et al. 2016, arXiv e-prints [arXiv:1612.05560]"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1086\/313225","volume":"122","author":"Chandar","year":"1999","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1086\/421934","volume":"611","author":"Chandar","year":"2004","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3847\/0004-637X\/824\/2\/71","volume":"824","author":"Chandar","year":"2016","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stv1281","volume":"452","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A20","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201015683","volume":"525","author":"Chies-Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stac2002","volume":"516","author":"Chies-Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/sty1952","volume":"480","author":"Choksi","year":"2018","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/730\/2\/112","volume":"730","author":"Cockcroft","year":"2011","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/751\/2\/100","volume":"751","author":"Cook","year":"2012","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4897","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stz331","volume":"484","author":"Cook","year":"2019","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A6","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202450803","volume":"697","author":"Cuillandre","year":"2025","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1086\/519232","volume":"664","author":"Davidge","year":"2007","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa1816","volume":"497","author":"Davison","year":"2020","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-6256\/136\/6\/2648","volume":"136","author":"de Blok","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A4","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201423988","volume":"569","author":"de Meulenaer","year":"2014","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Vaucouleurs G., de Vaucouleurs A., Corwin H. G., et al. 1991, Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (New York, NY: Springer)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4360-9"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1086\/300766","volume":"117","author":"Drissen","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/813\/2\/109","volume":"813","author":"Drlica-Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aca27d","volume":"941","author":"Elia","year":"2022","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A112","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202141938","volume":"662","author":"Scaramella","year":"2022","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A2","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202450996","volume":"697","author":"Cropper","year":"2025","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A3","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202450786","volume":"697","author":"Jahnke","year":"2025","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202450810","volume":"697","author":"Mellier","year":"2025","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A251","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202450851","volume":"693","author":"Voggel","year":"2025","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R50","unstructured":"Euclid Early Release Observations, 2024, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57780\/esa-qmocze3"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4365\/abb82d","volume":"251","author":"Flewelling","year":"2020","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ad1889","volume":"167","author":"Floyd","year":"2024","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa245","volume":"493","author":"Forbes","year":"2020","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R54","first-page":"1203","volume":"404","author":"Forbes","year":"2010","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stac503","volume":"512","author":"Forbes","year":"2022","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A22","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201014084","volume":"521","author":"Fouesneau","year":"2010","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20035632","volume":"416","author":"Galleti","year":"2004","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1086\/592738","volume":"689","author":"Ghez","year":"2008","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-6256\/138\/5\/1403","volume":"138","author":"Glatt","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L39","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/286.3.L39","volume":"286","author":"Goodwin","year":"1997","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/accb59","volume":"950","author":"Gordon","year":"2023","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20078831","volume":"487","author":"Haas","year":"2008","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1086\/118116","volume":"112","author":"Harris","year":"1996","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1086\/113047","volume":"86","author":"Harris","year":"1981","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1086\/381953","volume":"127","author":"Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1086\/113504","volume":"89","author":"Harris","year":"1984","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/772\/2\/82","volume":"772","author":"Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R68","unstructured":"Howell J. M., Ferguson A. M. N., Larsen S. S., et al. 2025, A&A, submitted [arXiv:2509.10440]"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A9","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202450781","volume":"697","author":"Hunt","year":"2025","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2005.09086.x","volume":"360","author":"Huxor","year":"2005","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2008.12882.x","volume":"385","author":"Huxor","year":"2008","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L77","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/698\/2\/L77","volume":"698","author":"Huxor","year":"2009","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/sts387","volume":"429","author":"Huxor","year":"2013","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stu771","volume":"442","author":"Huxor","year":"2014","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L79","DOI":"10.1086\/501165","volume":"638","author":"Hwang","year":"2006","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/738\/1\/58","volume":"738","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aa6a1f","volume":"839","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac8def","volume":"938","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac9670","volume":"939","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa1439","volume":"495","author":"Keller","year":"2020","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1086\/108756","volume":"67","author":"King","year":"1962","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A13","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202450772","volume":"697","author":"Kluge","year":"2025","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2001.04022.x","volume":"322","author":"Kroupa","year":"2001","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa2452","volume":"498","author":"Kruijssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1051\/aas:1999509","volume":"139","author":"Larsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"A&AS"},{"key":"R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1086\/323138","volume":"122","author":"Larsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1086\/342381","volume":"124","author":"Larsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:200811212","volume":"494","author":"Larsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R89","unstructured":"Larsen S. S. 2014, Astrophysics Source Code Library [record ascl:1403.013]"},{"key":"R90","first-page":"120","volume":"317","author":"Larsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. IAU"},{"key":"R91","first-page":"836","volume":"354","author":"Larsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1086\/321620","volume":"556","author":"Larsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2001.04797.x","volume":"327","author":"Larsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A88","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142243","volume":"660","author":"Larsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac7568","volume":"934","author":"Lazzarini","year":"2022","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac8159","volume":"935","author":"Limberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2004.08343.x","volume":"355","author":"Mackey","year":"2004","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L11","DOI":"10.1088\/2041-8205\/717\/1\/L11","volume":"717","author":"Mackey","year":"2010","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stz072","volume":"484","author":"Mackey","year":"2019","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1597-1","volume":"574","author":"Mackey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1086\/420756","volume":"116","author":"Magnier","year":"2004","journal-title":"PASP"},{"key":"R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4365\/ad3cd3","volume":"273","author":"Maschmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L4","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201936135","volume":"630","author":"Massari","year":"2019","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-6256\/142\/6\/183","volume":"142","author":"Nantais","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stac1638","volume":"515","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-6256\/147\/4\/71","volume":"147","author":"Parisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1086\/498210","volume":"639","author":"Peng","year":"2006","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1086\/117547","volume":"110","author":"Perelmuter","year":"1995","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4863","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa3109","volume":"499","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2020","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5384","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stad044","volume":"519","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2023","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/724\/1\/296","volume":"724","author":"Popescu","year":"2010","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-astro-081309-130834","volume":"48","author":"Portegies Zwart","year":"2010","journal-title":"ARA&A"},{"key":"R113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aa77b1","volume":"844","author":"Powalka","year":"2017","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stw2437","volume":"464","author":"Qu","year":"2017","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1086\/424938","volume":"129","author":"Rafelski","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stx790","volume":"469","author":"Reina-Campos","year":"2017","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3144","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stac1934","volume":"517","author":"Reina-Campos","year":"2022","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A10","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202450784","volume":"697","author":"Saifollahi","year":"2025","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L37","DOI":"10.1086\/311707","volume":"508","author":"Sarajedini","year":"1998","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1086\/316807","volume":"120","author":"Sarajedini","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L115","DOI":"10.1086\/377118","volume":"591","author":"Schinnerer","year":"2003","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/737\/2\/103","volume":"737","author":"Schlafly","year":"2011","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/805\/2\/160","volume":"805","author":"Simanton","year":"2015","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-astro-091918-104453","volume":"57","author":"Simon","year":"2019","journal-title":"ARA&A"},{"key":"R125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1086\/131977","volume":"99","author":"Stetson","year":"1987","journal-title":"PASP"},{"key":"R126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A77","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/200913593","volume":"517","author":"Tabatabaei","year":"2010","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1086\/149487","volume":"151","author":"Tammann","year":"1968","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stu2029","volume":"445","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/750\/2\/99","volume":"750","author":"Tonry","year":"2012","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5735","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stad3165","volume":"526","author":"Trujillo-Gomez","year":"2023","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A104","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202453534","volume":"700","author":"Urbano","year":"2025","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1086\/170220","volume":"375","author":"van den Bergh","year":"1991","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A55","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202245423","volume":"672","author":"Veronese","year":"2023","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac51cf","volume":"928","author":"Wainer","year":"2022","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1086\/592323","volume":"689","author":"Weisz","year":"2008","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-6256\/140\/1\/75","volume":"140","author":"Whitmore","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-6256\/147\/4\/78","volume":"147","author":"Whitmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/765\/2\/120","volume":"765","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1086\/192096","volume":"95","author":"Worthey","year":"1994","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"R140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1086\/163249","volume":"293","author":"Zinn","year":"1985","journal-title":"ApJ"}],"container-title":["Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aanda.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202554661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T08:54:45Z","timestamp":1763628885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aanda.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202554661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":140,"alternative-id":["aa54661-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202554661","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-6361","1432-0746"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-6361","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0746","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}}}