{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T18:28:04Z","timestamp":1776796084334,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["A&amp;A"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Context.<\/jats:italic> Stellar activity variability is one of the main obstacles to the detection of Earth-like planets using the radial velocity (RV) method.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Aims.<\/jats:italic> The aim of this work is to measure the effect of activity in the spectra of M dwarfs and detect activity-sensitive lines in the near-infrared (NIR) to help improve exoplanet detection and characterisation and contribute to further stellar activity analysis in the NIR.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic> We took advantage of the simultaneous observations of HARPS and the newly commissioned NIRPS spectrograph to carry out a blind search of the most activity-sensitive spectral lines in the NIR using NIRPS spectra and known activity indicators in the optical from HARPS as a reference. We analysed the spectra of Proxima (M5.5V) and Gl 581 (M3V), two M dwarfs with different activity levels and internal structures. Spectral lines were identified for both stars and their profiles were fitted using different models.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic> We found hundreds of lines sensitive to activity for both stars; the Proxima spectra were more affected. For Proxima, around 32% of the identified lines can be used to measure the rotation period of the star, while for Gl 581 the numbers drops to 1%. The fraction of lines sensitive to activity increases with increasing line depth for both stars. A list of 17 lines with rotation period detection for both stars is provided.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Conclusions.<\/jats:italic> Stellar activity is able to affect a significant number of spectral lines in the NIR, and methods should be developed to mitigate those effects at the spectral level. The line distortions detected here are expected to come mainly from the flux effect due to temperature contrasts between active regions and the quiet photosphere; however, we cannot rule out the possibility that core-emission from chromospheric activity or Zeeman splitting are also affecting some lines. The new line lists presented here can be used to improve the RV extraction and the detection of RV variability due to stellar activity signals, and to help false positive detection and the modelling of activity variability, thereby enhancing exoplanet detection in the NIR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202555013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T07:51:43Z","timestamp":1755244303000},"page":"A177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Blind search for activity-sensitive lines in the near-infrared using HARPS and NIRPS observations of Proxima and Gl 581"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"700","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8056-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Gomes da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4434-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Delgado-Mena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4422-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno C.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Telmo","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1139-3502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Larue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3814-5323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Su\u00e1rez Mascare\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5099-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Delfosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5407-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucile","family":"Mignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3506-5667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9tienne","family":"Artigau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2825-6185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Nari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0716-9568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6577-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L. A.","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3212-5778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Al Moulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1226-5295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Allain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1199-9759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Allart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tomy","family":"Arial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hugues","family":"Auger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5074-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana C. C.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3181-5264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc","family":"Bazinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Benneke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Blind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Bohlender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Boisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9003-8894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Bonfils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7613-393X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Bouchy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Bourrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Bovay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5130-5188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5132-2614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Broeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Brousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8555-5463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Bruniquel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9433-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9291-5555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Cadieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5578-7400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno L.","family":"Canto Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2471-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Carteret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zalpha","family":"Challita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Chazelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Cloutier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4339-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6168-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Cointepas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Uriel","family":"Conod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4166-4121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil J.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2245-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Costa Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicolas B.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Cristo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Darveau-Bernier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Dauplaise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2023-7641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roseane","family":"de Lima Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8218-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Renan","family":"De Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5844-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Delisle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dhvani","family":"Doshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Doyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9332-2011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Dumusque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Ehrenreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8504-283X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3916-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasaev O.","family":"Fontinele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0536-4607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thierry","family":"Forveille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4009-0330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda G. C.","family":"Frensch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Gagn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Genest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ludovic","family":"Genolet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0264-7356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonay I.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Gracia T\u00e9mich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nolan","family":"Grieves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1424-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Gromek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9295-9623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5945-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Hobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8981-6759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Jens","family":"Hoeijmakers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Hubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Farbod","family":"Jahandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ray","family":"Jayawardhana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hans-Ulrich","family":"K\u00e4ufl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Kerley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8819-4236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Kolb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vigneshwaran","family":"Krishnamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexandrine","family":"L\u2019Heureux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6780-4252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Lafreni\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pierrot","family":"Lamontagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Izan","family":"de Castro Le\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Leath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Lipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1158-9354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaspare","family":"Lo Curto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7120-5837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Lovis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8786-8499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lison","family":"Malo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9486-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan M.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4461-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaymie","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jean-S\u00e9bastien","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6090-8446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Messamah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuri S.","family":"Messias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3050-8203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stan","family":"Metchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Moranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1013-2811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Mordasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dany","family":"Mounzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Mraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5254-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise D.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5899-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ares","family":"Osborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Otegi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Ouellet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7382-1913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e9na","family":"Parc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Pasquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8569-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera M.","family":"Passegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8573-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9815-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Peroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Piaulet-Ghorayeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mykhaylo","family":"Plotnykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7578-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Pompei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Poulin-Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2596-7886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Rasilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3767-7085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Rebolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Reshetov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Saint-Antoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mirsad","family":"Sarajlic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5878-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Saviane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Schnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Segovia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2355-8034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"S\u00e9gransan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7990-9596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Silber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sordet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Danuta","family":"Sosnowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7136-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avidaan","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6059-1178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atanas K.","family":"Stefanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio A.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2791-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Thibault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7576-6236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Udry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3993-4030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Vall\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5922-8267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Vandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7329-3471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Vaulato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1854-0131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregg","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3191-2486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joost P.","family":"Wardenier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0979-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bachar","family":"Wehbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7992-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drew","family":"Weisserman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Wevers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9216-4402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Wildi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2775-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Yariv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G\u00e9rard","family":"Zins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A34","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202243276","volume":"664","author":"Al Moulla","year":"2022","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A106","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202348150","volume":"683","author":"Al Moulla","year":"2024","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A196","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202243629","volume":"666","author":"Allart","year":"2022","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stx2109","volume":"474","author":"Angus","year":"2018","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A58","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202450722","volume":"690","author":"Antoniadis-Karnavas","year":"2024","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1086\/592040","volume":"687","author":"Arentoft","year":"2008","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ac7ce6","volume":"164","author":"Artigau","year":"2022","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ad7b30","volume":"168","author":"Artigau","year":"2024","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac7c74","volume":"935","author":"Price-Whelan","year":"2022","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1086\/175072","volume":"438","author":"Baliunas","year":"1995","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2008.12689.x","volume":"385","author":"Baluev","year":"2008","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1051\/aas:1996251","volume":"119","author":"Baranne","year":"1996","journal-title":"A&AS"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A69","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202038213","volume":"641","author":"Baroch","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L105","DOI":"10.1086\/319139","volume":"549","author":"Bedding","year":"2001","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A49","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201321345","volume":"558","author":"Beeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1086\/115714","volume":"101","author":"Bessell","year":"1991","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A4","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201014354","volume":"528","author":"Boisse","year":"2011","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20077068","volume":"474","author":"Bonfils","year":"2007","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A10","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202453341","volume":"700","author":"Bouchy","year":"2025","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/757\/2\/112","volume":"757","author":"Boyajian","year":"2012","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11207-008-9146-3","volume":"249","author":"Brandt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sol. Phys."},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A110","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202245660","volume":"674","author":"Carmona","year":"2023","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aaddfc","volume":"866","author":"Cegla","year":"2018","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/B:SOLA.0000031392.43227.7d","volume":"220","author":"Christensen-Dalsgaard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sol. Phys."},{"key":"R25","unstructured":"Cifuentes C. 2023, PhD thesis, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stz1215","volume":"487","author":"Collier Cameron","year":"2019","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A14","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202245131","volume":"673","author":"Cort\u00e9s-Zuleta","year":"2023","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1086\/157532","volume":"234","author":"Cram","year":"1979","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A76","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201936548","volume":"633","author":"Cretignier","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R30","first-page":"246","volume":"II","author":"Cutri","year":"2003","journal-title":"VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003), VizieR On-line Data Catalog"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1086\/424920","volume":"616","author":"De Rosa","year":"2004","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A2","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201833152","volume":"619","author":"Delgado Mena","year":"2018","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A94","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202346890","volume":"679","author":"Delgado Mena","year":"2023","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20078144","volume":"473","author":"Desort","year":"2007","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stae2076","volume":"534","author":"Donati","year":"2024","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R36","first-page":"345","volume":"96","author":"Dravins","year":"1981","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A47","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201833795","volume":"620","author":"Dumusque","year":"2018","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A140","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201014097","volume":"525","author":"Dumusque","year":"2011","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/796\/2\/132","volume":"796","author":"Dumusque","year":"2014","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R40","unstructured":"Earl N., Tollerud E., O\u2019Steen R., et al. 2024, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.16615456"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L50","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/acf472","volume":"954","author":"Engle","year":"2023","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A13","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201936389","volume":"635","author":"Faria","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A115","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142337","volume":"658","author":"Faria","year":"2022","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L8","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201014323","volume":"513","author":"Figueira","year":"2010","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A51","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201424902","volume":"572","author":"Figueira","year":"2014","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A125","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202141733","volume":"657","author":"Fuhrmeister","year":"2022","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A2","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201629512","volume":"595","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3847\/0004-637X\/824\/2\/150","volume":"824","author":"Giguere","year":"2016","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A30","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201116971","volume":"534","author":"Gomes da Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A9","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201118598","volume":"541","author":"Gomes da Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A66","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201322697","volume":"566","author":"Gomes da Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00667","volume":"3","author":"Gomes da Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A77","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039765","volume":"646","author":"Gomes da Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A174","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202244595","volume":"668","author":"Gomes da Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stu1285","volume":"443","author":"H\u00e9brard","year":"2014","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1086\/117796","volume":"111","author":"Henry","year":"1996","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L9","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:200810596","volume":"489","author":"Hu\u00e9lamo","year":"2008","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-6256\/147\/1\/21","volume":"147","author":"Jao","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R59","first-page":"87","volume":"293","author":"Kjeldsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1086\/497530","volume":"635","author":"Kjeldsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa3396","volume":"500","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stab237","volume":"502","author":"Kunovac Hod\u017ei\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A61","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202245602","volume":"674","author":"Lafarga","year":"2023","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A38","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/200913071","volume":"512","author":"Lagrange","year":"2010","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A168","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039607","volume":"654","author":"Liebing","year":"2021","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stz694","volume":"485","author":"Lisogorskyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R67","unstructured":"Lovis C., Dumusque X., Santos N. C., et al. 2011, arXiv e-prints [arXiv:1107.5325]"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/804\/1\/64","volume":"804","author":"Mann","year":"2015","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R69","first-page":"20","volume":"114","author":"Mayor","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Messenger"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13780","volume":"513","author":"Mayor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/200911823","volume":"501","author":"Meunier","year":"2009","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A39","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/200913551","volume":"512","author":"Meunier","year":"2010","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A118","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201525721","volume":"583","author":"Meunier","year":"2015","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A52","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201629052","volume":"597","author":"Meunier","year":"2017a","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A124","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201731017","volume":"607","author":"Meunier","year":"2017b","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A57","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142120","volume":"658","author":"Meunier","year":"2022","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R77","unstructured":"Newville M., Otten R., Nelson A., et al. 2024, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.12785036"},{"key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ab441c","volume":"158","author":"Ning","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00159-003-0019-3","volume":"11","author":"Ossendrijver","year":"2003","journal-title":"A&A Rev."},{"key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A49","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201730733","volume":"606","author":"Pavlenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R81","first-page":"9","volume":"110","author":"Pepe","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Messenger"},{"key":"R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A96","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202038306","volume":"645","author":"Pepe","year":"2021","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20011308","volume":"379","author":"Queloz","year":"2001","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R84","first-page":"990812","volume":"9908","author":"Quirrenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"SPIE Conf. Ser."},{"key":"R85","first-page":"107020","volume":"10702","author":"Quirrenbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"SPIE Conf. Ser."},{"key":"R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stv1428","volume":"452","author":"Rajpaul","year":"2015","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1086\/117655","volume":"110","author":"Reid","year":"1995","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/710\/1\/432","volume":"710","author":"Reiners","year":"2010","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A103","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201220437","volume":"552","author":"Reiners","year":"2013","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A65","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201527530","volume":"587","author":"Reiners","year":"2016","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1253253","volume":"345","author":"Robertson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054005","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/90\/5\/054005","volume":"90","author":"Ryabchikova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Scr"},{"key":"R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1086\/304392","volume":"485","author":"Saar","year":"1997","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R94","first-page":"265","volume":"361","author":"Santos","year":"2000","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20030776","volume":"406","author":"Santos","year":"2003","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A54","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/200913433","volume":"511","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A35","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201423808","volume":"566","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R98","unstructured":"Schrijver C. J., & Zwaan C. 2000, Cambr. Astrophys. Ser., 34"},{"key":"R99","first-page":"593","volume":"358","author":"Siess","year":"2000","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R100","unstructured":"Snik F., Kochukhov O., Piskunov N., et al. 2011, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, 437, Solar Polarization 6, eds. Kuhn J. R., Harrington D. M., Lin H., Berdyugina S. V., Trujillo-Bueno J., Keil S. L., & Rimmele T., 237"},{"key":"R101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1086\/191123","volume":"61","author":"Stauffer","year":"1986","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stv1441","volume":"452","author":"Su\u00e1rez Mascare\u00f1o","year":"2015","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A11","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202553728","volume":"700","author":"Su\u00e1rez Mascare\u00f1o","year":"2025","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L11","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac4fc8","volume":"927","author":"Terrien","year":"2022","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16","DOI":"10.1093\/mnrasl\/slx018","volume":"468","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"R106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4365\/aab766","volume":"236","author":"VanderPlas","year":"2018","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"R107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A112","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202449375","volume":"688","author":"von Stauffenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"R108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/aadd94","volume":"156","author":"Wise","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-6256\/145\/2\/44","volume":"145","author":"Zacharias","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"R110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:200811296","volume":"496","author":"Zechmeister","year":"2009","journal-title":"A&A"}],"container-title":["Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aanda.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202555013\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T07:54:59Z","timestamp":1755244499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aanda.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202555013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["aa55013-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202555013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-6361","1432-0746"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-6361","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0746","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}}}