{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T22:43:54Z","timestamp":1768517034588,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NCCR Planets"},{"name":"Swiss National Science Fundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["A&amp;A"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ultra-hot gas giants such as WASP-121b provide unique laboratories for exploring atmospheric chemistry and dynamics under extreme irradiation conditions. Uncovering their chemical composition and atmospheric circulation is critical for tracing planet formation pathways. Here, we present a comprehensive atmospheric characterisation of WASP-121b using high-resolution transit spectroscopy across the optical to infrared with HARPS, NIRPS, and CRIRES+ spanning nine transit events. These observations are complemented with five TESS photometric sectors, two EulerCam light curves simultaneous to the HARPS and NIRPS transits, and an extensive radial velocity dataset in order to refine WASP-121b's orbital parameters. A cross-correlation analysis detected iron (Fe), carbon monoxide (CO) and vanadium (V) absorption signals with SNR of 5.8, 5.0, and 4.7, respectively. Our retrieval analysis constrains the water (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O) abundance to \u22126.52\n                    <jats:sub>\u22120.68<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+0.49<\/jats:sup>\n                    dex, although its absorption signal is effectively muted by the hydride (H\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) continuum. We constrained the relative abundances of the volatile and refractory elements - which represents a crucial diagnostic of atmospheric chemistry, evolution, and planet formation pathways. The retrieved abundance ratios are broadly consistent with expected values of a solar composition atmosphere in chemical equilibrium, likely indicating minimal disequilibrium chemistry alterations at the probed pressures (\u223c10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u221210\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    bar). We update the orbital parameters of WASP-121b with its largest radial velocity dataset to date. By comparing orbital velocities derived from both the radial velocity analysis and the atmospheric retrieval, we determined a non-zero velocity offset caused by atmospheric circulation, \u0394K\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    = \u221215 \u00b1 3 km s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (assuming M\n                    <jats:sub>\u22c6<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 1.38 \u00b1 0.02 M\n                    <jats:sub>\u2299<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), consistent with predictions from either drag-free or weak-drag 3D global circulation models, while we caution the non-negligible dependence on the assumed stellar mass. These results place new constraints on the thermal structure, dynamics, and chemical inventory of WASP-121b, highlighting the power of multi-wavelength high-resolution spectroscopy to probe exoplanetary atmospheres.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202556257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T08:54:35Z","timestamp":1764147275000},"page":"A251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Atmospheric composition and circulation of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b with joint NIRPS, HARPS and CRIRES+ transit spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"703","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7329-3471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Vaulato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de Gen\u00e8ve, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Astronomie, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5945-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Hobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de Gen\u00e8ve, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Astronomie, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1199-9759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Allart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Trottier de recherche sur les exoplan\u00e8tes, D\u00e9partement de Physique, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","place":["Canada"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8573-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de Gen\u00e8ve, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Astronomie, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Institut Trottier de recherche sur les exoplan\u00e8tes, D\u00e9partement de Physique, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","place":["Canada"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3191-2486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joost P.","family":"Wardenier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Trottier de recherche sur les exoplan\u00e8tes, D\u00e9partement de Physique, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","place":["Canada"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5177-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hritam","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de Gen\u00e8ve, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Astronomie, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ehrenreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de Gen\u00e8ve, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Astronomie, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Centre Vie dans l\u2019Univers, Facult\u00e9 des sciences de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Nari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Light Bridges S.L., Observatorio del Teide","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC)","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Departamento de Astrof\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)","place":["Spain"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3036-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de Gen\u00e8ve, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Astronomie, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9332-2011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Dumusque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de Gen\u00e8ve, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Astronomie, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8981-6759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Jens","family":"Hoeijmakers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University","place":["Sweden"]}]},{"given":"\u00c9tienne","family":"Artigau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Trottier de recherche sur les exoplan\u00e8tes, D\u00e9partement de Physique, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Observatoire du Mont-M\u00e9gantic","place":["Canada"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5074-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Trottier de recherche sur les exoplan\u00e8tes, D\u00e9partement de Physique, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Observatoire du Mont-M\u00e9gantic","place":["Canada"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana C. C.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Universidade do Porto","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5578-1498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Benneke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Institut Trottier de recherche sur les exoplan\u00e8tes, D\u00e9partement de Physique, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","place":["Canada"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9003-8894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Bonfils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. 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Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG","place":["France"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1013-2811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Mordasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9815-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de Gen\u00e8ve, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Astronomie, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3767-7085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Rebolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC)","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Departamento de Astrof\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC)","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bishop\u2019s Univeristy, Department of Physics and Astronomy","place":["Canada"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4422-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno C.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Universidade do Porto","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2355-8034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"S\u00e9gransan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de Gen\u00e8ve, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Astronomie, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3814-5323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Su\u00e1rez Mascare\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC)","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Departamento de Astrof\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)","place":["Spain"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7576-6236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Udry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de Gen\u00e8ve, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Astronomie, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3993-4030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1854-0131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregg","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen\u2019s University","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Physics and Space Science, Royal Military College of Canada","place":["Canada"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6577-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L. 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S.","family":"Cristo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Universidade do Porto","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0536-4607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thierry","family":"Forveille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG","place":["France"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4009-0330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda G. 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R., Temple L. Y., Nielsen L. 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