{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:37:07Z","timestamp":1771925827502,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["A&amp;A"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Our comprehension of the history of star formation at\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2004&gt;\u20043 strongly relies on rest-frame ultraviolet observations. However, this selection systematically misses the dustiest and most massive sources, resulting in an incomplete census at earlier times. Infrared facilities such as\n                    <jats:italic>Spitzer<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the\n                    <jats:italic>James Webb<\/jats:italic>\n                    Space Telescope have shed light on a hidden population lying at\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2004=\u20043\u2005\u2212\u20056 characterised by extreme red colours named HIEROs (HST-to-IRAC extremely red objects), identified by the colour criterion\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2005\u2212\u2005ch2\u2004&gt;\u20042.25. Recently,\n                    <jats:italic>Euclid<\/jats:italic>\n                    Early Release Observations (EROs) have opened the possibility to further study such objects, exploiting the comparison between\n                    <jats:italic>Euclid<\/jats:italic>\n                    and ancillary\n                    <jats:italic>Spitzer<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/IRAC observations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of this synergy in characterising the population of a small test area of 232 arcmin\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . We utilised catalogues in the Perseus field across the VIS and NISP bands, supplemented by data from the four\n                    <jats:italic>Spitzer<\/jats:italic>\n                    channels and several ground-based MegaCam bands (\n                    <jats:italic>u<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    , H\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) already included in the ERO catalogue. We selected 121 HIEROs by applying the\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2005\u2212\u2005ch2\u2004&gt;\u20042.25 colour cut, cleaned this sample of globular clusters and brown dwarfs, and then inspected by eye the multi-band cutouts of each source, ending with 42 reliable HIEROs. Photometric redshifts and other physical properties of the final sample were estimated using the spectral-energy-distribution-fitting software\n                    <jats:monospace>Bagpipes<\/jats:monospace>\n                    . From the\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>phot<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>*<\/jats:sub>\n                    values, we computed the galaxy stellar mass function at 3.5\u2004&lt;\u2004\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2004&lt;\u20045.5. When we exclude all galaxies that could host an active galactic nucleus, or whose stellar masses might be overestimated, we still find that the high-mass end of the galaxy stellar mass function is similar to previous estimates, indicating that the true value could be even higher. This investigation highlights the importance of a deeper study of this still mysterious population, in particular to assess its contribution to the cosmic star-formation rate density and its agreement with current galaxy evolution and formation models. These early results demonstrate\n                    <jats:italic>Euclid<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019s capabilities to push the boundaries of our understanding of obscured star formation across a wide range of epochs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202556328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T19:46:47Z","timestamp":1765914407000},"page":"A371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Euclid<\/i>\n                    : The first statistical census of dusty and massive objects in the ERO\/Perseus field"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"706","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6156-4066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Girardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \u201cG. Galilei\u201d, Universit\u00e0 di Padova","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova","place":["Italy"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5688-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Grazian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova","place":["Italy"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9415-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Rodighiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \u201cG. 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