{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:01:08Z","timestamp":1773777668268,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101052347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101052347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/04434\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04434\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["A&amp;A"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Context<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Stellar activity remains one of the main limitations in the detection of Earth-like planets using radial velocity (RV) measurements. The Sun, as the only star for which surface features can be spatially resolved, offers a unique testbed for studying the impact of active regions on RV and photometric variability.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Aims<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Using\n                    <jats:monospace>SOAPv4<\/jats:monospace>\n                    (Spot Oscillation And Planet), we modelled solar RV and photometric variability induced by spots and faculae over long timescales. Our goal is to verify whether present-day, state-of-the-art models of the cross-correlation function correctly reproduce the observed variability. Moreover, we aim to assess how the choice of input data and identification technique influences the agreement between simulated and observed signals.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To simulate solar RV and photometric time series, we first identified active regions in SDO images. This was done using mathematical morphological transforms applied to SDO\/HMI and AIA images. Mathematical morphological identification was validated against other state-of-the-art identification methods. Using these inputs, we ran\n                    <jats:monospace>SOAPv4<\/jats:monospace>\n                    to simulate solar RVs and photometry, and we validated the results with HARPS-N RV observations, as well as with VIRGO\/SPM photometric measurements.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The simulations that use mathematical morphological identification achieved the best match with the observed RV time series, yielding residuals with a measured standard deviation of ~0.91 m\/s. Other state-of-the-art methods produced higher filling factors and, consequently, larger discrepancies. The photometric simulations reproduced the overall variability trends.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We demonstrate that mathematical morphological transforms accurately identify solar active regions. Using these inputs,\n                    <jats:monospace>SOAPv4<\/jats:monospace>\n                    reproduces the observed solar RV variability with a measured standard deviation of the residuals of ~0.91 m\/s. Photometric simulations capture the overall variability trends, confirming that\n                    <jats:monospace>SOAP<\/jats:monospace>\n                    can reliably model the impact of both spots and faculae on solar RVs and photometry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202557827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T19:43:47Z","timestamp":1771271027000},"page":"A265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modelling solar radial velocities and photometric variability with SOAP"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"707","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1182-7208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Barka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5992-7589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Cristo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7195-6542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2. 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