{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T22:12:10Z","timestamp":1768860730337,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["E3S Web Conf."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>3D-printed architecture is becoming a viable alternative to conventional masonry and cast-in-place construction, especially for rapid, low-cost, and low-waste buildings. To clarify its actual performance, this study develops an integrated cost\u2013time\u2013waste evaluation model and applies it to a 50 m\u00b2 single-story 3D-printed concrete house. A comparable conventional house is used as a baseline. The results show that the printed scheme shortens structural-shell construction from 18\u201320 days to about 2 days, reduces total project duration by about 80%, lowers direct construction cost by 22%, and cuts construction waste by about 78%. A structural capacity margin analysis further indicates that, when vertical voids are post-grouted and a reinforced ring beam is added, the printed walls can achieve the target compressive strength of 30 MPa with an observed mean of 32 MPa. The proposed Integrated Performance Index (IPI), combining time, cost, and waste with adjustable weights, provides a quantitative tool to compare printed and non-printed solutions. The study concludes that 3D-printed architecture is technically feasible and performance-efficient for single-story housing, but its benefits depend on process control, printer utilization, and reinforcement integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202668602007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:45:13Z","timestamp":1768812313000},"page":"02007","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Performance-Oriented Assessment of 3D-Printed Architecture for Small-Scale Housing"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"686","author":[{"given":"Mengzhu","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Vocational and Technical University of International Studies","place":["China"]}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Vocational and Technical University of International Studies","place":["China"]}]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soni A, Yadav C P, Veeman D, et al. Fruit waste-derived hybrid biofillers as a potential reinforcement in 3D printed biocomposites for building construction applications[J].Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2025, 152205-221. DOI:10.1016\/J.JMAPRO.2025.08.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JMAPRO.2025.08.002"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradford K, Gentry R, Alon B L, et al. Construction 3D printing material selection: Minimizing cost and carbon footprint of residential wall assemblies[J].Construction and Building Materials, 2025, 493143150-143150.DOI:10.1016\/J. CONBUILDMAT.2025.143150.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.143150"},{"issue":"PB","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2025.116405","volume":"347","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy &amp; Buildings"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-025-16533-4","volume":"140","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhagat M R, Pande B P, Madurwar V K, et al. Life cycle assessment of 3D-printed building materials towards sustainability-driven optimization and environmental impact analysis using computational intelligence techniques[J].The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2025,(prepublish):1-24. DOI:10.1007\/S11367-025-02530-Y.","DOI":"10.1007\/S11367-025-02530-Y"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pereira M C, Vieira H, Gon\u00e7alves P N, et al. Innovative waste-containing 3D-printed geopolymer structures for enhanced acoustic comfort in built environments[J].Journal of Cleaner Production, 2025, 517145857-145857.DOI:10.1016\/ J.JCLEPRO.2025.145857.","DOI":"10.1016\/ J.JCLEPRO.2025.145857"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed O, Mishra A, Isam F . An overview of 3D printed concrete for building structures: Material properties, sustainability, future opportunities, and challenges[J].Structures, 2025, 78109284-109284.DOI:10.1016\/J.ISTRUC.2025.1 09284.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2025.109284"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02860-9","volume":"15","author":"Hiremath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific reports,"}],"container-title":["E3S Web of Conferences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.e3s-conferences.org\/10.1051\/e3sconf\/202668602007\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:46:22Z","timestamp":1768812382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.e3s-conferences.org\/10.1051\/e3sconf\/202668602007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":8,"alternative-id":["e3sconf_arfee2026_02007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/e3sconf\/202668602007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2267-1242"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2267-1242","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}