{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:54:33Z","timestamp":1777658073457,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":288,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EPJ Web Conf."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstacle detection on the railway, a crucial operational safety concern, is a complex task that encompasses a multitude of challenges. While Machine Learning (ML) algorithms are commonly employed in analogous applications such as autonomous car driving [1] [2], the railway field faces a significant barrier due to the scarcity of available data (particularly images), rendering conventional ML approaches impractical.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>In response to this challenge, this study proposes and evaluates a framework which uses LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data for obstacle detection on the railways. The framework aims to address the limitations posed by image data scarcity while enhancing operational safety in railway environments.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The developed methodology combines the use of a long-range LiDAR capable of detecting obstacles at distances of up to 500 meters, with the train\u2019s GPS (Global Positioning System) coordinates to accurately determine its position relative to detected obstacles. The LiDAR data is processed using a data fusion approach, where pre-existing knowledge regarding the track topography is combined with a clustering algorithm, specifically DBSCAN (Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise), to identify and classify potential obstacles at a pre-defined distance.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Tests of the proposed framework were conducted within the confines of a moving locomotive, specifically the CP 2600-2620 series, along a designated section of the Contumil-Leix\u00f5es line. These tests served to validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the approach under real-world operating conditions.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Overall, the utilization of LiDAR data coupled with advanced algorithms presents a promising avenue for enhancing obstacle detection capabilities in railway operations. By overcoming the challenges associated with data scarcity, this framework holds the potential to significantly improve operational safety and efficiency within railway networks. Further research and testing are warranted to validate the framework\u2019s performance across diverse railway environments and operating conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/202430500027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T07:53:52Z","timestamp":1728978832000},"page":"00027","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A LiDAR based obstacle detection framework for railway"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"305","author":[{"given":"Susana","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Viriato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamanakos L. 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C. A. B. a. I. B., \u201cA survey of clustering algorithms for an industrial context,\u201d in Second International Conference on Intelligent Computing in Data Sciences (ICDS 2018), 2018."},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni O. a. B. A., \u201cA Survey of Advancements in DBSCAN Clustering Algorithms for Big Data,\u201d in 3rd International conference on Power Electronics and IoT Applications in Renewable Energy and its Control (PARC), 2024.","DOI":"10.1109\/PARC59193.2024.10486339"},{"key":"R16","unstructured":"\u201cLivox,\u201d Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.livoxtech.com\/tele-15."},{"key":"R17","unstructured":"\u201cu-blox,\u201d [Online]. 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