{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T06:45:56Z","timestamp":1774680356592,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":282,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MATEC Web Conf."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the transport infrastructures context, the support layers have a fundamental role in the degradation of the track condition, both in structural aspects and in terms of fouling of the materials that comprise them. Particularly in the field of railway research, ballast is the key element, and its fouling leads to track deterioration. Thus, the main focus of this work is based on the evaluation of the ballast fouling using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). In order to determine the applicability of the method on the evaluation of railway characteristics, laboratory samples and measurements carried out in situ, on sections of two railways in operation were analysed. In both cases the different ballast fouling levels were evaluated, using specialized software for this approach (temporal analysis); and then comparing these results with results of a frequency analysis in an automatic calculation program. This paper presents the possibilities of testing with GPR equipment by analysing an electromagnetic wave, in the temporal and frequency domain for the purpose of investigating the level of degradation of a railway track. Some recommendations are also made regarding the use of this method, adding the need for future developments in an attempt to reduce the number of destructive tests still practiced nowadays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201821112004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T08:14:10Z","timestamp":1539159250000},"page":"12004","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ballast fouling evaluation with ground penetrating radar"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"211","author":[{"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Fontul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Paix\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"De Chiara F., \nImprovement of railway track diagnosis using Ground Penetrating Radar, Doctoral dissertation, University of Rome \u201cSapienza\u201d, Rome (2014)"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-9851(99)00052-X","volume":"43","author":"Saarenketo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1139\/T10-066","volume":"48","author":"Indraratna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"R4","unstructured":"Tennakoon N., \nIndraratna B., \nRujikiatkamjorn C., \nNimbalkar S., \n11th Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics: Ground Engineering in a Changing World, \n421-426, Australia (2012)"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selig E., \nWaters J., \nTrack Geotechnology and Substructure Management, London: \nThomas Telford Publications (1994)","DOI":"10.1680\/tgasm.20139"},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"Machado A.B., \nContribui\u00e7\u00e3o para a avalia\u00e7\u00e3o estrutural de infraestruturas rodovi\u00e1rias por M\u00e9todos N\u00e3o Destrutivos, Masters degree thesis, FCT, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon (2012)"},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"Sussmann T.R., \nApplication of ground penetrating radar to railway track substructure maintenance management, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA (1999)"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Pedrosa M.J.N., \nCaracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o da funda\u00e7\u00e3o de infra-estruturas de transporte com recurso ao georadar. Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o das camadas de apoio, Masters degree thesis, FEUP, University do Porto, Porto (2009)"},{"key":"R9","unstructured":"Lopes A.M., \nAvalia\u00e7\u00e3o da degrada\u00e7\u00e3o de vias f\u00e9rreas. Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o do balastro com recurso ao georadar, Masters degree thesis, FCT, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, \n(2013)"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Chiara F., \nFontul s., \nFortunato F., \nRemote Sensing 6 (2014)","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6109712"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvast M., \nNurmikolu S., \nWiljanen B., \nLevomaki M., \nProc. IMechE 224 Part F, Journal Rail and Rapid Transit (2010)","DOI":"10.1243\/09544097JRRT367"}],"container-title":["MATEC Web of Conferences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.matec-conferences.org\/10.1051\/matecconf\/201821112004\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T14:38:09Z","timestamp":1586529489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.matec-conferences.org\/10.1051\/matecconf\/201821112004"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"N.","family":"Maia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Dimitrovov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":11,"alternative-id":["matecconf_vetomacxiv2018_12004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/matecconf\/201821112004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2261-236X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2261-236X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}