{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T19:10:04Z","timestamp":1750360204389,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":163,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MATEC Web Conf."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In response to the environmental challenges associated with ordinary Portland cement production, this research focuses on the development of concrete mixtures based on calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement in combination with blast furnace cement (CEM III\/B) for use in the extrusion process (3D printing process). For a targeted 3D printing processing window of 90 minutes, the setting time can be precisely controlled and actively adjusted through the use of retarders such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and phosphate. Among all tested retarders, the combination of tartaric acid and phosphate, each at 0.60 wt% of the total cement mass in concrete mixtures containing 30 wt% CSA and 70 wt% CEM III\/B, resulted in the highest early compressive strength of approximately 96 % and the highest 28-day compressive strength of approximately 55 % compared to the mixture without any retardation. Isothermal calorimetry, SEM analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the decrease in 28-day strength is attributed to the retardation of both CSA and Portland clinker hydration. As a result, the hydration of the blast furnace slag is initially prevented due to the absence of Portlandite. The 3D printing process using 30 wt% CSA in combination with 70 wt% CEM III\/B concrete mixtures demonstrated directional compressive strengths that were approximately 8 % higher for loads applied perpendicular to the printed layers compared to parallel loads. The controlled fast setting through retarders, combined with high early strengths and stable long-term strength development, enables the continuous production of multiple precast concrete elements in quick succession using CSA and CEM III\/B mixtures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/202540906004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T07:47:15Z","timestamp":1749800835000},"page":"06004","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced environmental sustainability of 3D-printed concrete mixtures based on calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) and blast furnace cement (CEM III\/B)"],"prefix":"10.1051","volume":"409","author":[{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Senf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rezan","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Funke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Gelbrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"250","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"DIN EN 197-1:2011-11 Cement \u2014 Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements \u2014 German version, EN 197-1 (2011)"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"DIN EN 196-6:2019-03 Methods of testing cement \u2014 Part 6: Determination of fineness \u2014 German version, EN 196-6 (2018)"},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"DIN EN 12350-6 Testing fresh concrete - Part 6: Density; German version, EN 12350-6 (2019)"},{"key":"R4","unstructured":"DIN EN 1015-3: 2007-05 Methods of test for mortar for masonry \u2013 Part 3: Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by flow table) \u2013 German version, EN 1015-3 (1999) + EN 1015- 3\/A1 (2004) + EN 1015-3\/A2 (2006)"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"DIN EN 12390-2 Testing hardened concrete - Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests; German version, EN 12390-2 (2019)"},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"DIN EN 12390-3:2019-10 Testing hardened concrete \u2014 Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens \u2014 German version, EN 12390-3 (2019)"},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"DIN EN 12390-5:2019-10 Testing hardened concrete \u2014 Part 5: Flexural strength of test specimens \u2014 German version, EN 12390-5 (2019)"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"DIN EN 196-9:2010-07 Methods of testing cement \u2014 Part 9: Heat of hydration \u2014 Semi-adiabatic method \u2014 German version, EN 196-9 (2010)"},{"issue":"3","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300035","DOI":"10.1002\/appl.202300035","volume":"3","author":"Lindner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Applied Research"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-017-1046-2","volume":"50","author":"Villagr\u00e1n-Zaccardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials and Structures"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senf F., Javed R., Funke H., & Gelbrich S. Concrete Extrusion Using Sustainable Cement Alternatives. In International Scientific Conference Environmental Challenges in Civil Engineering, Springer Nature, Switzerland, April, 175-188 (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73776-3_12"}],"container-title":["MATEC Web of Conferences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.matec-conferences.org\/10.1051\/matecconf\/202540906004\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T18:46:08Z","timestamp":1750358768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.matec-conferences.org\/10.1051\/matecconf\/202540906004"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"M.","family":"Grantham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Custodio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Real","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":11,"alternative-id":["matecconf_cs2025_06004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/matecconf\/202540906004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2261-236X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2261-236X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}