{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:20:22Z","timestamp":1791080422362,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Kidney Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,24]],"date-time":"2002-12-24T04:37:53Z","timestamp":1040704673000},"page":"22-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["TGF-\u03b21 as a Genetic Susceptibility Locus for Advanced Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: An Investigation of Multiple Known DNA Sequence Variants"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Daniel P.K.","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Warram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej S.","family":"Krolewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.10.1139","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and diabetic kidney disease\u2014The case for transforming growth factor-\u03b2 as a key mediator","volume":"44","author":"Sharma","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.42.3.450","article-title":"mRNA expression of growth factors in glomeruli from diabetic rats","volume":"42","author":"Nakamura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.5.1814","article-title":"Expression of transforming growth factor beta is elevated in human and experimental diabetic nephropathy","volume":"90","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1159\/000189300","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta in the development of rat diabetic nephropathy. A 10-month study with insulin-treated rats","volume":"74","author":"Bertoluci","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.4.522","article-title":"Neutralization of TGF-beta by anti-TGF-beta antibody attenuates kidney hypertrophy and the enhanced extracellular matrix gene expression in STZ-induced diabetic mice","volume":"45","author":"Sharma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8015","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.120055097","article-title":"Long-term prevention of renal insufficiency, excess matrix gene expression and glomerular mesangial matrix expansion by treatment with monoclonal antitransforming growth factor-beta antibody in db\/db diabetic mice","volume":"97","author":"Ziyadeh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00438.x","article-title":"TGF-beta1 stimulates glucose uptake by enhancing GLUT1 expression in mesangial cells","volume":"55","author":"Inoki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118226","article-title":"Overexpression of glucose transporters in rat mesangial cells cultured in a normal glucose milieu mimics the diabetic phenotype","volume":"96","author":"Heilig","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib9","first-page":"F97","article-title":"Glucose transporters control gene expression of aldose reductase, PKC-alpha, and GLUT1 in mesangial cells in vitro","volume":"277","author":"Henry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01570787","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta gene maps to human chromosome 19 long arm and to mouse chromosome 7","volume":"12","author":"Fujii","year":"1986","journal-title":"Somat Cell Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3188","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/15.7.3188","article-title":"Intron-exon structure of the human transforming growth factor-\u03b2 precursor gene","volume":"15","author":"Derynck","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.28.5.881","article-title":"Polymorphisms of the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene in relation to myocardial infarction and blood pressure: The Etude Cas-Temoin de I'Infarctus du Myocarde (ECTIM) Study","volume":"28","author":"Cambien","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199810270-00009","article-title":"Genotypic variation in the transforming growth factor-\u03b21 gene","volume":"66","author":"Awad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.7.10.3418","article-title":"Type 1 transforming growth factor beta: Amplified expression and secretion of mature and precursor polypeptides in Chinese hamster ovary cells","volume":"7","author":"Gentry","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(96)00363-8","volume":"20","author":"Langdahl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V9122302","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 gene mutations in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy","volume":"9","author":"Pociot","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S182","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.27439","article-title":"Association of transforming growth factor-beta1 T29C polymorphism with the progression of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"38","author":"Akai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V76930","article-title":"Effect of duration of type 1 diabetes on the prevalence of stages of diabetic nephropathy defined by urinary albumin\/creatinine ratio","volume":"7","author":"Warram","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(99)00127-1","article-title":"Identification of human TGF-\u03b21 signal (leader) sequence polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP","volume":"234","author":"Wood","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.12.2190","article-title":"APOE polymorphisms and the development of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: Results of case-control and family based studies","volume":"49","author":"Araki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.110.4.1361","article-title":"Mechanism of activation of latent recombinant transforming growth factor beta 1 by plasmin","volume":"110","author":"Lyons","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.6.1655","article-title":"Genetic studies of late diabetic complications: The overlooked importance of diabetes duration before complication onset","volume":"51","author":"Rogus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib23","first-page":"3479","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b21 hyperexpression in African-American hypertensives: A novel mediator of hypertension and\/or target organ damage","volume":"97","author":"Suthanthiran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63037-4","article-title":"Translational regulation of renal proximal tubular epithelial cell transforming growth factor-\u03b21 generation by insulin","volume":"159","author":"Morrisey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31272-3","article-title":"Characterization of the promoter region of the human transforming growth factor-\u03b21 gene","volume":"264","author":"Kim","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V11112007","article-title":"AP-1 proteins mediate hyperglycemia-induced activation of the human TGF-\u03b21 promoter in mesangial cells","volume":"11","author":"Weigert","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)47311-0","article-title":"Activation of the second promoter of the transforming growth factor-\u03b21 gene by transforming growth factor-\u03b21 and phorbol ester occurs through the same target sequences","volume":"264","author":"Kim","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)39962-4","article-title":"Type \u03b21 transforming growth factor gene expression\u2014A corrected mRNA structure reveals a downstream phorbol ester responsive element in human cells","volume":"265","author":"Scotto","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.120.1.253","article-title":"Extracellular matrix regulates expression of the TGF-\u03b21 gene","volume":"120","author":"Streuli","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)83537-2","article-title":"Promoter sequences of the human transforming growth factor-\u03b21 gene responsiveness to transforming growth factor-\u03b21 autoinduction","volume":"264","author":"Kim","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.10.4.1492","article-title":"Autoinduction of transforming growth factor-\u03b21 is mediated by the AP-1 complex","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F830","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2000.278.5.F830","article-title":"Stimulation of TGF-\u03b2 type II receptor by high glucose in mouse mesangial cells and in diabetic kidney","volume":"278","author":"Isono","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64121-1","article-title":"Increased glomerular and tubular expression of transforming growth factor-beta1, its type II receptor, and activation of the Smad signaling pathway in the db\/db mouse","volume":"158","author":"Hong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Kidney Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272638603500063?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272638603500063?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T11:13:11Z","timestamp":1622632391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0272638603500063"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0272638603500063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-6386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-6386","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}}}