{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T08:37:42Z","timestamp":1773304662888,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]],"date-time":"2003-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1046476800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]],"date-time":"2003-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1046476800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cghjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,20]],"date-time":"2003-03-20T14:33:27Z","timestamp":1048170807000},"page":"111-121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["A randomized, controlled exploratory study of clonidine in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Camilleri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doe-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanna","family":"Mckinzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George M.","family":"Thomforde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duane D.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip A.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Zinsmeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90275-P","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome in office-based practice in the United States","volume":"100","author":"Everhart","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199912000-00009","article-title":"A national survey of practice patterns of gastroenterologists with comparison to the past two decades","volume":"29","author":"Russo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1053\/bega.1999.0033","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome: definition, diagnosis and epidemiology","volume":"13","author":"Talley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.agast972120","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome: a technical review for practice guideline development","volume":"112","author":"Drossman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000007593","article-title":"Impact of irritable bowel syndrome on quality of life and resource use in the United States and United Kingdom","volume":"60","author":"Hahn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018831127942","article-title":"Quality of life in persons with irritable bowel syndrome: development and validation of a new measure","volume":"43","author":"Patrick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02071408","article-title":"Impact of irritable bowel syndrome on quality of life","volume":"41","author":"Whitehead","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.00262.x","article-title":"Clinical economics review: irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Wells","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib9","first-page":"II43","article-title":"Functional bowel disorders and functional abdominal pain","volume":"45","author":"Thompson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1998.00305.x","article-title":"Colonic sensorimotor physiology in health and its alteration in constipation and diarrhoeal disorders","volume":"12","author":"Camilleri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aliment Pharm Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.14.2.125","article-title":"Pain from distension of the pelvic colon by inflating a balloon in the irritable colon syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Ritchie","year":"1973","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90267-8","article-title":"Altered rectal perception is a biological marker of patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Mertz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91789-7","article-title":"Transit through the proximal colon influences stool weight in the irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"102","author":"Vassallo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4065\/72.4.323","article-title":"Rapid gastric emptying in patients with functional diarrhea","volume":"72","author":"Charles","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(92)90128-4","article-title":"Actions of noradrenaline on myenteric neurons in the guinea pig gastric antrum","volume":"41","author":"Tack","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib16","first-page":"247","article-title":"Gastrointestinal sensation: mechanisms and relation to functional gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"vol. 25","author":"Camilleri","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib17","first-page":"G997","article-title":"Adrenergic modulation of human colonic motor and sensory function","volume":"273","author":"Bharucha","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00757.x","article-title":"Towards identifying optimal doses for alpha-adrenergic modulation of colonic and rectal motor and sensory function","volume":"14","author":"Malcolm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib19","first-page":"2073","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of rectal tone alters perception of distention in humans","volume":"92","author":"Malcolm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib20","first-page":"G1468","article-title":"Effects of \u03b12-adrenergic agonist on gastrointestinal transit, colonic motility and sensation in humans","volume":"281","author":"Viramontes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90623-2","article-title":"Experimental diabetic diarrhea in rats: intestinal mucosal denervation hypersensitivity and treatment with clonidine","volume":"91","author":"Chang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-102-2-197","article-title":"Treatment of diabetic diarrhea with clonidine","volume":"102","author":"Fedorak","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90753-6","article-title":"Predominant symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome correlate with specific autonomic nervous system abnormalities","volume":"106","author":"Aggarwal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.11.1539","article-title":"Detection of subclinical autonomic neuropathy in constipated patients using a sweat test","volume":"33","author":"Altomare","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199301000-00003","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system function","volume":"10","author":"Low","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00273.x","article-title":"Effects of an irritable bowel syndrome educational class on health-promoting behaviors and symptoms","volume":"93","author":"Colwell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02033-X","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of alosetron in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised, placebo controlled study","volume":"355","author":"Camilleri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.14.1733","article-title":"A randomized controlled clinical trial of the serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist alosetron in women with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"161","author":"Camilleri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.01094.x","article-title":"Tegaserod, a 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist, relieves symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients with abdominal pain, bloating and constipation","volume":"15","author":"Mueller-Lissner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aliment Pharm Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018889318063","article-title":"Differences between individuals with self-reported irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and IBS-like symptoms","volume":"42","author":"Hahn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.6.818","article-title":"Defecation frequency and timing, and stool form in the general population: a prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Heaton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.8553","article-title":"Recombinant human neurotrophic factors accelerate colonic transit and relieve constipation in humans","volume":"119","author":"Coulie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/030006059802600203","article-title":"Adequate relief as an endpoint in clinical trials in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Mangel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib35","first-page":"1807","article-title":"Colonic transit scintigraphy labeled activated charcoal compared with ion exchange pellets","volume":"38","author":"Burton","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib36","first-page":"G284","article-title":"Human gastric emptying and colonic filling of solids characterized by a new method","volume":"257","author":"Camilleri","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01297027","article-title":"Towards a less costly but accurate test of gastric emptying and small bowel transit","volume":"136","author":"Camilleri","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91092-I","article-title":"Towards a relatively inexpensive, noninvasive, accurate test for colonic motility disorders","volume":"103","author":"Camilleri","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib39","first-page":"G856","article-title":"Transit of solids through the human colon: regional quantification in the unprepared bowel","volume":"258","author":"Proano","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib40","first-page":"G1217","article-title":"Development of a test to measure gastric accommodation in humans","volume":"277","author":"Kuiken","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-56-671-817","article-title":"The relationship between technetium-99m pertechnetate gastric scanning and gastric contents","volume":"56","author":"O'Connor","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.07.1081","article-title":"Nuclear imaging of the stomach of healthy dogs","volume":"52","author":"Berardi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90764-P","article-title":"Dyspepsia and dyspepsia subgroups: a population-based study","volume":"102","author":"Talley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90373-9","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia in the general population: overlap and lack of stability over time","volume":"109","author":"Agreus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70179-4","article-title":"Modulation of gastric sensory and motor functions by nitrergic and alpha2-adrenergic agents in humans","volume":"116","author":"Thumshirn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib46","first-page":"G426","article-title":"Alpha 2-adrenergic model of gastroparesis: validation with renzapride, a stimulator of motility","volume":"261","author":"Gullikson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1995.tb00368.x","article-title":"Treatment of diabetic gastroparesis with oral clonidine","volume":"9","author":"Rosa-e-Silva","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050409","article-title":"Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) in two patients receiving high dose clonidine for delirium tremens","volume":"23","author":"Stieger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3109\/00365527809181914","article-title":"A secretory epithelium of the small intestine with increased sensitivity to bile acids in irritable bowel syndrome associated with diarrhea","volume":"13","author":"Oddsson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib50","first-page":"297","article-title":"A pilot study of motility and tone of the left colon in patients with diarrhea due to functional disorders and dysautonomia","volume":"92","author":"Choi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03804.x","article-title":"Colonic motility abnormality in patients with irritable bowel syndrome exhibiting abdominal pain and diarrhea","volume":"96","author":"Chey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib52","first-page":"396","article-title":"Clonidine reduces the rectal tone response to a meal in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Malcolm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704512","article-title":"\u03b12-adrenoceptors in the enteric nervous system: a study in \u03b12A-adrenoceptor-deficient mice","volume":"135","author":"Scheibner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.6.861","article-title":"The neurobiology of stress and gastrointestinal disease","volume":"47","author":"Mayer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019_bib55","first-page":"G519","article-title":"Stress and irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"280","author":"Mayer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356503700214?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356503700214?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T04:56:01Z","timestamp":1761540961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1542356503700214"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1542356503700214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A randomized, controlled exploratory study of clonidine in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/cgh.2003.50019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2003 American Gastroenterological Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}