{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:54:23Z","timestamp":1787921663425,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,9]],"date-time":"2012-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3660,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this double\u2010blind randomized study was to evaluate the optimal intravenous dose of Clonidine administrated during the peri\u2010operative period, after lumbar hemilaminectomy for herniated disk repair. The \u2018optimal intravenous dose\u2019 was defined as that providing minimal analgesic request, stable haemodynamic profile and a minimal sedation score during 12 h after extubation. Eighty adult patients, ASA physical status I\u2013II, undergoing lumbar hemilaminectomy for herniated disk (L<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010L<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>, L<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\u2010S<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) were included in the study. All the patients were randomly assigned to one of four study groups (A, B, C, D), 20 patients each. The same standardized general anaesthesia was performed for each group. Thirty minutes before the end of surgery, group A, B and C patients received three different loading doses of intravenous Clonidine (5 \u03bcg\/kg, 3 \u03bcg\/kg, 2 \u03bcg\/kg respectively), followed by the same infusion of intravenous Clonidine (0.3 \u03bcg\/kg per hour). Group D patients received a bolus dose and a continuous infusion of NaCl 0.9%. In the recovery unit, postoperative pain was treated by a patient\u2010controlled analgesia device, containing morphine. Pain relief was evaluated by the total morphine requirement during the postoperative period. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate and sedation were also noted during the first 12 h postoperatively. Intravenous Clonidine decreased morphine requirements in a dose\u2010dependent manner. Group A, B, C and D patients requested 5 \u00b1 2, 11 \u00b1 3, 19 \u00b1 4 and 29 \u00b1 8 doses of morphine respectively. Clonidine also affected SBP in a dose\u2010related manner. Group A, B and C patients had an SBP decrease respectively of 26 \u00b1 3%, 7 \u00b1 4% and 2 \u00b1 2% compared with basic values while, at the same time, in group D patients no SBP variation was registered. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that, when sedation and analgesic effect of Clonidine is required, 3 \u03bcg\/kg bolus dose followed by a continuous infusion of 0.3 \u03bcg\/kg per hour has to be considered the optimal intravenous dose. The higher dose of intravenous Clonidine (5 \u03bcg\/kg) produced better analgesia but the degree of hypotension and sedation was more severe and longer lasting; it required ephedrine administration and careful monitoring of the patient. On the other hand, the bolus of intravenous Clonidine 2 \u03bcg\/kg (group C) was less effective in terms of pain relief but with similar side\u2010effects to the 3 \u03bcg\/kg dosage (group B). \u00a9 2002 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1053\/eujp.2001.0270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,19]],"date-time":"2002-09-19T13:56:27Z","timestamp":1032443787000},"page":"35-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Clonidine for treatment of postoperative pain: a dose\u2010finding study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Franco","family":"Marinangeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Ciccozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Donatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alcide","family":"Di Pietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Iovinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narinder","family":"Rawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Paladini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giustino","family":"Varrassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199110000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199510000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03008314"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199309000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9402200103","article-title":"Intraoperative and postoperative analgesia using intravenous opioids, Clonidine, lignocaine","volume":"22","author":"Kock M","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)62786-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199812000-00032"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198911000-00003","article-title":"Epidural Clonidine analgesia following surgery. 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