{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T04:25:40Z","timestamp":1771043140200,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]],"date-time":"2000-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":970358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]],"date-time":"2000-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":970358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,11]],"date-time":"2007-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1192060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2566,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","gastrojournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,12]],"date-time":"2006-10-12T07:29:39Z","timestamp":1160638179000},"page":"1132-1147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Treatment of fistulizing Crohn's disease"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Gary R.","family":"Lichtenstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology","author":"Sainio","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib2","first-page":"156","article-title":"Results of an experimental and histological investigation into seventy-five cases of rectal fistulae","volume":"14","author":"Gabriel","year":"1921","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1932.02740680019005","article-title":"Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity","volume":"99","author":"Crohn","year":"1932","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193406000-00011","article-title":"Localized chronic ulcerative colitis","volume":"99","author":"Bissell","year":"1934","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.6.6.515","article-title":"Crohn's disease of the anal region","volume":"6","author":"Gray","year":"1965","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relation of abscess to fistula","author":"Seow-Choen","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.14.11.865","article-title":"Abscess and fistulae in Crohn's disease","volume":"14","author":"Steinberg","year":"1973","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(79)90391-3","article-title":"National cooperative Crohn's disease study: extraintestinal manifestations and perianal complications","volume":"77","author":"Rankin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(75)80270-8","article-title":"Clinical patterns in Crohn's disease: a statistical study of 615 cases","volume":"68","author":"Farmer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-199811000-00008","article-title":"Management of fistula disease","volume":"4","author":"Present","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02233943","article-title":"Long-term corticosteroid therapy for regional enteritis: an analysis of 58 courses in 54 patients","volume":"11","author":"Sparberg","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.7.2.181","article-title":"Corticosteroids and corticotropin in the treatment of Crohn's disease","volume":"7","author":"Jones","year":"1966","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(84)90409-8","article-title":"European cooperative Crohn's disease study (ECCDS): results of drug treatment","volume":"86","author":"Malchow","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"suppl 148","key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib14","first-page":"144","article-title":"Long-term treatment of perianal or fistulous Crohn's disease with Ciprofloxacin","volume":"24","author":"Turunen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib15","first-page":"A212","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin may be useful in Crohn's disease (abstr)","volume":"98","author":"Wolf","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1155\/1993\/610272","article-title":"Combination ciprofloxacin and metronidazole in severe perianal Crohn's disease","volume":"7","author":"Solomon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90155-9","article-title":"Healing of perineal Crohn's disease with metronidazole","volume":"79","author":"Bernstein","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80332-6","article-title":"Metronidazole therapy for perineal Crohn's disease: a follow-up study","volume":"83","author":"Brandt","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib19","first-page":"533","article-title":"Metronidazole therapy for Crohn's disease and associated fistulae","volume":"79","author":"Jakobovits","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1069077","article-title":"Metronidazol in der behandlung des morbus Crohn","volume":"110","author":"Schneider","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80332-6","article-title":"Metronidazole therapy for perineal Crohn's disease: a follow-up study","volume":"83","author":"Brandt","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529109025034","article-title":"Neurophysiologic studies of patients with Crohn's disease on long-term treatment with metronidazole","volume":"26","author":"Stahlberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90137-4","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy in Crohn's disease patients treated with metronidazole","volume":"88","author":"Duffy","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198005013021801","article-title":"Treatment of Crohn's disease with 6-mercaptopurine: a long-term randomized double blind study","volume":"302","author":"Present","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01318372","article-title":"Favorable effect of 6-mercaptopurine on fistulae of Crohn's disease","volume":"30","author":"Korelitz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90457-V","article-title":"Use of azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine in the treatment of Crohn's disease","volume":"101","author":"O'Brien","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199210000-00006","article-title":"Gastrocolic and duodenocolic fistulas in Crohn's disease","volume":"15","author":"Pichney","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Gastrenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)84526-5","article-title":"Medical therapy, not surgery is the appropriate first line of treatment for Crohn's entero-vesical fistula","volume":"114","author":"Wheeler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-110-5-353","article-title":"Methotrexate induced clinical and histologic remission in patients with refractory inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"110","author":"Kozaek","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502023320503","article-title":"Methotrexate for the treatment of Crohn's disease","volume":"332","author":"Feagan","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib31","first-page":"2203","article-title":"Methotrexate in chronic active Crohn's disease: a double-blind, randomized, Israeli multicenter trial","volume":"92","author":"Oren","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib32","first-page":"1724","article-title":"Methotrexate in Crohn's disease: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Aurora","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib33","first-page":"A1031","article-title":"The place of methotrexate in the treatment of refractory Crohn's disease (abstr)","volume":"112","author":"Muhadevan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-199902000-00002","article-title":"Methotrexate in refractory Crohn's disease","volume":"5","author":"Vandeputte","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70058-3","article-title":"Medical therapy for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"Stein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00442.x","article-title":"Clinical outcome following treatment of refractory inflammatory and fistulizing Crohn's disease with intravenous cyclosporine","volume":"93","author":"Egan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-199911000-00001","article-title":"Combination therapy with oral tacrolimus (FK506) and azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for treatment-refractory Crohn's disease perianal fistulae","volume":"5","author":"Lowry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib38","first-page":"876","article-title":"Preliminary report on the use of oral tacrolimus (FK506) in the treatment of complicated proximal small bowel and fistulizing Crohn's disease","volume":"92","author":"Sandborn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.539_g.x","article-title":"Steroid-unresponsive acute attacks of inflammatory bowel disease: immunomodulation by tacrolimus (FK506)","volume":"93","author":"Fellerman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.5.625","article-title":"Randomised trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease","volume":"44","author":"Neurath","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00606.x","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil in patients with Crohn's disease","volume":"93","author":"Fickert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199905063401804","article-title":"Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease","volume":"340","author":"Present","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib43","first-page":"668","article-title":"Comprehensive pharmacokinetics of a humanized antibody and analysis of residual anti-idiotypic responses","volume":"85","author":"Stephens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)80083-9","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of CDP571 antibody to tumour necrosis factor \u03b1 in Crohn's disease","volume":"349","author":"Stack","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)84761-7","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial of the engineered human antibody to TNF (CDP571) for steroid sparing and maintenance of remission in patients with steroid-dependent Crohn's disease (abstr)","volume":"118","author":"Feagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)84760-5","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of CDP571, a humanized antibody to TNF-\u03b1, in moderately to severely active Crohn's disease (abstr)","volume":"118","author":"Sandborn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70276-3","article-title":"Thalidomide therapy for patients with refractory Crohn's disease: an open-label trial","volume":"117","author":"Ehrenpreis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70277-5","article-title":"An open-label pilot study of low-dose thalidomide in chronically active, steroid-dependent Crohn's disease","volume":"117","author":"Vasiliauskas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199410000-00006","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen for perianal Crohn's disease","volume":"19","author":"Lavy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054120","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygenation in severe perineal Crohn's disease","volume":"38","author":"Colombel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib51","first-page":"32","article-title":"Loop ileostomy for anorectal Crohn's disease","volume":"29","author":"Grant","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198002000-00006","article-title":"Loop ileostomy in the management of Crohn's colitis in the debilitated patient","volume":"191","author":"Zelas","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800691017","article-title":"The effect of split ileostomy on perianal Crohn's disease","volume":"69","author":"Harper","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(76)80196-5","article-title":"Indications for surgery in Crohn's disease: analysis of 500 patients","volume":"71","author":"Farmer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050009","article-title":"Autologous fibrin glue in the treatment of rectovaginal and complex fistula","volume":"36","author":"Abel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90243-3","article-title":"Treatment of Crohn's disease fistulas with coagulation factor XIII","volume":"347","author":"Oshitani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)44233-7","article-title":"The surgery of Crohn's disease","volume":"67","author":"Greenstein","year":"1987","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198904000-00016","article-title":"Spontaneous umbilical fistula in Crohn's disease","volume":"11","author":"Veloso","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib59","first-page":"1526","article-title":"Surgical management and ultimate outcome","author":"Greenstein","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688207500609","article-title":"Management of perianal Crohn's disease","volume":"75","author":"Hobbiss","year":"1982","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800680802","article-title":"Anal fistulas in Crohn's disease","volume":"68","author":"Marks","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib62","first-page":"43","article-title":"Outcome following treatment of anal fissure in Crohn's disease","volume":"500","author":"Bergstrand","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib63","first-page":"318","article-title":"Selective surgical management of Crohn's disease of the anus","volume":"29","author":"Bernard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198210000-00002","article-title":"Local operative treatment of anorectal Crohn's disease","volume":"4","author":"Sohn","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(80)90301-3","article-title":"Anorectal Crohn's disease: definitive surgery for fistulas and recurrent abscesses","volume":"139","author":"Sohn","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00341224","article-title":"Anal fistulas in Crohn's disease: incidence and outcome of surgical treatment","volume":"7","author":"Nordgren","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02053687","article-title":"Fistula-in-ano in Crohn's disease","volume":"34","author":"Williams","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02554553","article-title":"Experience with perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease","volume":"32","author":"Fuhrman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib69","first-page":"133","article-title":"Surgical treatment of anorectal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease","volume":"169","author":"Levien","year":"1989","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054227","article-title":"Twenty year review of the surgical management of perianal Crohn's disease","volume":"38","author":"Williamson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib71","first-page":"265","article-title":"Primary adenocarcinoma in an enterocutaneous fistula associated with Crohn's disease","volume":"12","author":"Ying","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237388","article-title":"Carcinoma arising in anorectal fistulas of Crohn's disease","volume":"41","author":"Ky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.02337.x","article-title":"Carcinoma arising in Crohn's disease fistulae: another concern warranting another type of surveillance","volume":"94","author":"Korelitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams JG, MacLeod CA, Rothenberger DA, Goldberg SM. Seton treatment of high anal fistulae. Br J Surg 191;78:1159-1161.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800781004"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800800651","article-title":"Total sphincter conservation in high fistula in ano: results of a new approach","volume":"80","author":"Matos","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib76","first-page":"2022","article-title":"Healing of transphincteric perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease using a new technique","volume":"88","author":"Winter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02052212","article-title":"Seton management of complex anorectal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease","volume":"33","author":"White","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049864","article-title":"Role of the seton in the management of anorectal fistulas","volume":"36","author":"Pearl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054696","article-title":"Evaluation of surgery for perianal Crohn's fistulas","volume":"39","author":"Scott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02068077","article-title":"Long-term seton drainage for high anal fistulas in Crohn's","volume":"39","author":"Faucheron","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib81","article-title":"The loose seton","author":"Lumnis","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-2977(95)00087-9","article-title":"What is new in the treatment of perianal fistulae in Crohn's disease?","volume":"48","author":"Delemarre","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800820509","article-title":"Clinical course after transanal advancement flap repair of perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease","volume":"82","author":"Makowiec","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib84","first-page":"147","article-title":"Endorectal advancement flap in perianal Crohn's disease","volume":"64","author":"Joo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00959.x","article-title":"Advancement sleeve flaps for treatment of severe perineal Crohn's disease","volume":"85","author":"Marchesa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236270","article-title":"Rectal sleeve advancement: repair of rectovaginal fistula associated with anorectal stricture in Crohn's disease","volume":"41","author":"Simmang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235371","article-title":"Cutaneous advancement flap closure: alternative method for treatment of complicated anal fistulas","volume":"41","author":"Robertson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib88","first-page":"271","article-title":"Surgery of the small intestine","author":"Garlock","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02587365","article-title":"The dilemma of Crohn's disease; ileosigmoidal fistula complicating Crohn's disease","volume":"20","author":"Fazio","year":"1977","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib90","first-page":"249","article-title":"Crohn's disease: are enteroenteral fistulas an indication for surgery?","volume":"91","author":"Broe","year":"1982","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198308000-00007","article-title":"Entero-enteric fistula complicating Crohn's disease","volume":"5","author":"Givel","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02562636","article-title":"Anovaginal and rectovaginal fistulas in Crohn's disease","volume":"31","author":"Radcliffe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800791247","article-title":"Anorectal and rectovaginal fistula with Crohn's disease","volume":"79","author":"Scott","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02554276","article-title":"The use of transanal advancement flaps in the management of fistulas involving the anorectum","volume":"30","author":"Jones","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib95","first-page":"42","article-title":"Techniques and results in the management of anal and perianal Crohn's disease","volume":"168","author":"Fry","year":"1989","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00341278","article-title":"Treatment of anovaginal fistulas with an anocutaneous flap in patients with Crohn's disease","volume":"8","author":"Hesterberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050343","article-title":"Surgical repair of rectovaginal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease: transvaginal approach","volume":"34","author":"Sher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib98","first-page":"709","article-title":"Treatment of persistent perianal sinus with vaginal fistula following proctocolectomy for Crohn's disease: a long-term perspective","volume":"28","author":"Ward","year":"1982","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1990.01410220155022","article-title":"The recalcitrant perineal wound after rectal extirpation. Application of muscle flap closure","volume":"125","author":"Anthony","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib100","first-page":"417","article-title":"Cure of chronic perineal sinus with gluteus maximus flap","volume":"147","author":"Shaw","year":"1978","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1983.01390010008002","article-title":"Gluteal thigh flap in reconstruction of complex pelvic wounds","volume":"118","author":"Achauer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800731218","article-title":"Use of muscle graft for unhealed perineal sinus","volume":"73","author":"Mann","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib103","first-page":"74","article-title":"Repair of persistent perineal sinuses by means of a pedicle of musculus gracilis","volume":"9","author":"Bartholdson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Scand J Reconstruct Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib104","first-page":"212","article-title":"Closure of postproctectomy perineal sinus with gracilis muscle flaps","volume":"30","author":"Pezim","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800751228","article-title":"Rectus abdominis muscle flap for persistent perineal sinus","volume":"75","author":"Young","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1991.tb00129.x","article-title":"Closure of persistent post-proctectomy perineal sinus using a rectus muscle flap","volume":"61","author":"Cox","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib107","first-page":"646","article-title":"Rapid closure of Crohn's disease fistulas with continuous intravenous cyclosporin A","volume":"88","author":"Hanauer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02090211","article-title":"Efficacy of cyclosporine in treatment of fistula of Crohn's disease","volume":"39","author":"Present","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(84)90202-2","article-title":"Enterovesical fistulae occurring during the course of Crohn's disease","volume":"147","author":"Greenstein","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02554140","article-title":"Internal fistulas in Crohn's disease","volume":"28","author":"Glass","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02055467","article-title":"Surgical treatment of enterovesical fistulas in Crohn's disease","volume":"33","author":"McNamara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S001650850080030X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S001650850080030X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T14:38:03Z","timestamp":1758033483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S001650850080030X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S001650850080030X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/gast.2000.18165","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-5085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-5085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Treatment of fistulizing Crohn's disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gastroenterology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/gast.2000.18165","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2000 American Gastroenterological Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}