{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:19:40Z","timestamp":1790792380262,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6012,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bilateral vocal cord immobility can be life threatening for some patients. Others, who have an open glottic chink, may have a breathy dysphonia, intermittent dyspnea, and stridor. These signs and symptoms may also be found in a number of other conditions that cause weakness or paradoxical motion of the vocal cords that mimics paralysis. These other conditions include central nervous system diseases, neuromuscular disorders, laryngospasm, and psychogenic disorders. In addition, patients with cricoarytenoid joint immobility or interarytenoid scar can also have similar symptoms at presentation. It is critical to consider the differential diagnosis of an assumed bilateral vocal cord paralysis and understand the management of paradoxical movement, weakness, joint fixation, interarytenoid scar, laryngospasm, and psychogenic disorders. The treatment for bilateral immobility should proceed only after a thorough evaluation, which might include electromyography and\/or examination during general anesthesia under dense anesthetic paralysis. Reconstructive procedures are the treatments of choice, and destructive procedures should be chosen only as a last resort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1053\/hn.1999.v121.a98733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,28]],"date-time":"2004-04-28T19:56:12Z","timestamp":1083182172000},"page":"760-765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Evaluation and Management of Bilateral Vocal Cord Immobility"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Allen D.","family":"Hillel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Benninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Columbia University New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Blitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Henry Ford Hospital Detroit Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Crumley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Irvine California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Flint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haskins K.","family":"Kashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Eye and Ear Infirmary New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989411100419"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197402000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","first-page":"428","article-title":"Etiology of bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis","volume":"85","author":"Holinger LD","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Otol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.107.5.1309"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.105.6.1826"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199401000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Pyramidal diseases (stroke)","author":"Tatemichi T","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","first-page":"248","volume-title":"Movement disorders of the larynx","author":"Brin M","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","first-page":"214","volume-title":"Treatment of spasmodic dysphonia (laryngeal dystonia) with injections of botulinum toxin: Review and technical aspects","author":"Brin M","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198908000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","first-page":"240","volume-title":"Neuromuscular diseases","author":"Younger D.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","volume-title":"Gastroesophageal reflux and voice disorders","author":"Koufman J.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198201000-00012","article-title":"Paradoxical vocal cord motion: An important cause of stridor","volume":"92","author":"Kelleman R","year":"1982","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1974.tb01390.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198306303082605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199809000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(97)80016-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Electromyographic investigation of intrinsic laryngeal muscles in humans","volume":"41","author":"Faaborg\u2010Andersen K.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","first-page":"363","article-title":"Use of hooked\u2010wire electrodes for electromyography of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles","volume":"12","author":"Hirano M","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Electromyography of the larynx and other speech organs","author":"Hirose H.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.5541030202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880160911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.1983.93.4.425"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948909800201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014556139307200808"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)31079-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","first-page":"52","article-title":"Parameters for direct stimulation of the denervated Posterior cricoarytenoid [abstract]","volume":"95","author":"Sanders I","year":"1986","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","first-page":"176","article-title":"Restoring function to denervated laryngeal muscle after six months of atrophy [abstract]","volume":"99","author":"Sanders I","year":"1988","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(96)80554-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948909801203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949110000905"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198606000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989310900313"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949410300702"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1053\/hn.1999.v121.a98733","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1053\/hn.1999.v121.a98733","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1053\/hn.1999.v121.a98733","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T14:06:20Z","timestamp":1760969180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1053\/hn.1999.v121.a98733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1053\/hn.1999.v121.a98733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/hn.1999.v121.a98733","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0194-5998","1097-6817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0194-5998","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-6817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-05-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}