{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T10:57:41Z","timestamp":1761562661079,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ackdjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]],"date-time":"2020-07-04T08:17:10Z","timestamp":1593850630000},"page":"404-411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Hypertension: The Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and the Renin-Angiotensin System"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2589-6993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Edmonston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3204-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"South","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2075-2691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordana B.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10229","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7807","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor","volume":"581","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30116-8","article-title":"Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461","article-title":"Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2","volume":"111","author":"Ferrario","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000237862.94083.45","article-title":"Enalapril attenuates downregulation of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the late phase of ventricular dysfunction in myocardial infarcted rat","volume":"48","author":"Ocaranza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000124667.34652.1a","article-title":"Upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 after myocardial infarction by blockade of angiotensin II receptors","volume":"43","author":"Ishiyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008975","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-Aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Reynolds","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2006923","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-Aldosterone system blockers and the risk of Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Mancia","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20171550","article-title":"Fetal programming and the angiotensin-(1-7) axis: a review of the experimental and clinical data","volume":"133","author":"South","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1084","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00217.2020","article-title":"COVID-19, ACE2, and the cardiovascular consequences","volume":"318","author":"South","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"6891","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00786","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an essential regulator of heart function","volume":"417","author":"Crackower","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2005.031096","article-title":"Protection from angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis by systemic lentiviral delivery of ACE2 in rats","volume":"90","author":"Huentelman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1523","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00426.2009","article-title":"Effect of ACE2 and angiotensin-(1-7) in a mouse model of early chronic kidney disease","volume":"298","author":"Dilauro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00567.x","article-title":"Classical Renin-Angiotensin system in kidney physiology","volume":"4","author":"Sparks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1458","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00497.2018","article-title":"Central ANG-(1-7) infusion improves blood pressure regulation in antenatal betamethasone-exposed sheep and reveals sex-dependent effects on oxidative stress","volume":"316","author":"Hendricks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.185876","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1-7) deficiency and baroreflex impairment precede the antenatal Betamethasone exposure-induced elevation in blood pressure","volume":"59","author":"Shaltout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-09-2785","article-title":"Oxidative stress is a critical mediator of the angiotensin II signal in human neutrophils: involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase, calcineurin, and the transcription factor NF-kappaB","volume":"102","author":"El Bekay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5406","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005406","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1-7) and the G protein-coupled receptor MAS are key players in renal inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Esteban","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.840124","article-title":"Loss of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 accelerates maladaptive left ventricular remodeling in response to myocardial infarction","volume":"2","author":"Kassiri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.12.008","article-title":"The acute prothrombotic effect of aldosterone in rats is partially mediated via angiotensin II receptor type 1","volume":"138","author":"Gromotowicz-Poplawska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib23","first-page":"419","article-title":"Prothrombotic effects of angiotensin","volume":"45","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117809","article-title":"Angiotensin II regulates the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cultured endothelial cells. A potential link between the renin-angiotensin system and thrombosis","volume":"95","author":"Vaughan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14872","article-title":"Fibrinolytic abnormalities in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and versatility of thrombolytic drugs to treat COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Whyte","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"10234","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6485","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6965","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2987","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome leads to reduced ratio of ACE\/ACE2 activities and is prevented by angiotensin-(1-7) or an angiotensin II receptor antagonist","volume":"225","author":"Wosten-van Asperen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090565","article-title":"Ventilator-induced inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide-exposed rat lung is mediated by angiotensin-converting enzyme","volume":"176","author":"Wosten-van Asperen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.1_Supplement.90S","article-title":"Angiotensin II stimulates proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells via the AT1 receptor","volume":"114","author":"Morrell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L887","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00432.2005","article-title":"Extravascular sources of lung angiotensin peptide synthesis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"291","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L501","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00273.2002","article-title":"Bleomycin-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells requires angiotensin synthesis de novo","volume":"284","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"7047","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03712","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure","volume":"436","author":"Imai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L178","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00009.2008","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 is protective but downregulated in human and experimental lung fibrosis","volume":"295","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","article-title":"A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Kuba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7809","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711241105","article-title":"Modulation of TNF-alpha-converting enzyme by the spike protein of SARS-CoV and ACE2 induces TNF-alpha production and facilitates viral entry","volume":"105","author":"Haga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007236","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007236","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein in complex with its host cell receptor ACE2","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plos Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1823-x","article-title":"A pilot clinical trial of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.4266\/kjccm.2016.00976","article-title":"Effect of renin-angiotensin system blockage in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective case control study","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000206107.92476.39","article-title":"Polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene affects the outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Jerng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L713","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00103.2001","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor subtype AT(1) mediates alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis in response to ANG II","volume":"282","author":"Papp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"15-16","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2011.05.008","article-title":"AT1 receptor-mediated angiotensin II activation and chemotaxis of T lymphocytes","volume":"48","author":"Silva-Filho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.1.463","article-title":"Differential regulation of cytokine release and leukocyte migration by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated primary human lung alveolar type II epithelial cells and macrophages","volume":"178","author":"Thorley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070762","article-title":"Angiotensin II up-regulates angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), but down-regulates ACE2 via the AT1-ERK\/p38 MAP kinase pathway","volume":"172","author":"Koka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2012.04.002","article-title":"Counteraction between angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) via activating angiotensin type I and Mas receptor on rat renal mesangial cells","volume":"177","author":"Xue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L341","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00360.2012","article-title":"Agonists of MAS oncogene and angiotensin II type 2 receptors attenuate cardiopulmonary disease in rats with neonatal hyperoxia-induced lung injury","volume":"305","author":"Wagenaar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e334","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828a6688","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1-7) protects from\u00a0experimental acute lung injury","volume":"41","author":"Klein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6483","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03743","article-title":"Angiotensin II mediates angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 internalization and degradation through an angiotensin II type\u00a0I receptor-dependent mechanism","volume":"64","author":"Deshotels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib52","first-page":"1280","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity and human atrial fibrillation: increased plasma angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity is associated with atrial fibrillation and more advanced left atrial structural remodelling","volume":"19","author":"Walters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0198144","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198144","article-title":"Elevated plasma angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity is an independent predictor of major adverse cardiac events in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease","volume":"13","author":"Ramchand","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4326","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington state","volume":"323","author":"Arentz","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10223","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus\u2013infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.03.005","article-title":"Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19","volume":"97","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-199601000-00015","article-title":"Renal responses to antagonism of the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"5","author":"Braam","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib60","first-page":"S69","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and autoregulation of glomerular filtration","volume":"6","author":"Plante","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Hypertens Suppl"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1303154","article-title":"Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"369","author":"Fried","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012674","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012674","article-title":"What are the risks and benefits of temporarily discontinuing medications to prevent acute kidney injury? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Whiting","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63607-3","article-title":"Essential roles for angiotensin receptor AT1a in bleomycin-induced apoptosis and lung fibrosis in mice","volume":"163","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61368","article-title":"Type 1 angiotensin receptors on macrophages ameliorate IL-1 receptor-mediated kidney fibrosis","volume":"124","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.02.004","article-title":"Stimulating type 1 angiotensin receptors on T lymphocytes attenuates renal fibrosis","volume":"189","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7027","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07027","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) mediates influenza H7N9 virus-induced acute lung injury","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19840","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19840","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibits lung injury induced by respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"6","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134","article-title":"Association of inpatient use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with mortality among patients with hypertension hospitalized with COVID-19","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib69","article-title":"Covid-19 testing, hospital admission, and intensive care among 2,026,227 United States veterans aged 54-75 years","author":"Rentsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib70","first-page":"e282","volume":"134","author":"Writing Committee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11111016","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Doshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15291","article-title":"ACE2, COVID-19, and ACE inhibitor and ARB use during the pandemic: the pediatric perspective","volume":"76","author":"South","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang TJ, Randolph AG, Bourgeois FT. Inclusion of children in clinical trials of treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Pediatr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1888. May 7, 2020 [online ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1888"}],"container-title":["Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1548559520301129?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1548559520301129?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T07:03:14Z","timestamp":1761548594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1548559520301129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1548559520301129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1548-5595"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1548-5595"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Hypertension: The Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and the Renin-Angiotensin System","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ackd.2020.07.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}