{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:39:20Z","timestamp":1780598360082,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ackdjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T17:46:32Z","timestamp":1664214392000},"page":"337-342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Regulation of Acid-Base Balance in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Glenn T.","family":"Nagami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Kraut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104384","article-title":"Endogenous production of fixed acid and the measurement of the net balance of acid in normal subjects","volume":"40","author":"Relman","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1983.217","article-title":"Metabolic production and renal disposal of hydrogen ions","volume":"24","author":"Halperin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1985.10","article-title":"A method for estimating nitrogen intake of patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"27","author":"Maroni","year":"1985","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.3.576","article-title":"Estimation of net endogenous noncarbonic acid production in humans from diet potassium and protein contents","volume":"68","author":"Frassetto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00150111","article-title":"Estimated net endogenous acid production and serum bicarbonate in African Americans with chronic kidney disease","volume":"6","author":"Scialla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F521","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00048.2007","article-title":"Dietary sodium chloride intake independently predicts the degree of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in healthy humans consuming a net acid-producing diet","volume":"293","author":"Frassetto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1159\/000360010","article-title":"Expansion of urease- and uricase-containing, indole- and p-cresol-forming and contraction of short-chain fatty acid-producing intestinal microbiota in ESRD","volume":"39","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930030210","article-title":"Urea concentration in intestinal fluids in normal and uremic dogs","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-008-0218-3","article-title":"Colonic luminal ammonia and portal blood L-glutamine and L-arginine concentrations: a possible link between colon mucosa and liver ureagenesis","volume":"37","author":"Eklou-Lawson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G760","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00333.2007","article-title":"The gut does not contribute to systemic ammonia release in humans without portosystemic shunting","volume":"295","author":"van de Poll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.09.027","article-title":"Role of the Gut Microbiome in Uremia: A Potential Therapeutic Target","volume":"67","author":"Ramezani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014040332","article-title":"High Dietary Acid Load Predicts ESRD among Adults with CKD","volume":"26","author":"Banerjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.83","article-title":"Treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or oral bicarbonate reduces urine angiotensinogen and preserves glomerular filtration rate","volume":"86","author":"Goraya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07400715","article-title":"Acid-Base homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Hamm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib15","first-page":"F195","article-title":"Stimulation of basolateral Na(+)-HCO3- cotransporter by angiotensin II in rabbit renal cortex","volume":"265","author":"Eiam-Ong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1992.255","article-title":"Endothelin-1 stimulates the Na+\/H+ and Na+\/HCO3- transporters in rabbit renal cortex","volume":"42","author":"Eiam-Ong","year":"1992","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib17","first-page":"F973","article-title":"Peptide hormone effects on urinary acidification and acid-base balance: PTH, ADH, and glucagon","volume":"256","author":"Paillard","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu384","article-title":"Impaired expression of key molecules of ammoniagenesis underlies renal acidosis in a rat model of chronic kidney disease","volume":"30","author":"Burki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"1 Part 1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103794","article-title":"On the mechanism of acidosis in chronic renal disease","volume":"38","author":"Schwartz","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110921","article-title":"Effect of reduced renal mass on ammonium handling and net acid formation by the superficial and juxtamedullary nephron of the rat. Evidence for impaired reentrapment rather than decreased production of ammonium in the acidosis of uremia","volume":"71","author":"Buerkert","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1971.220.2.457","article-title":"Effect of nephron loss on proximal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat","volume":"220","author":"Lubowitz","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V86868","article-title":"Adaptational changes in renal vacuolar H(+)-ATPase in the rat remnant kidney","volume":"8","author":"Bastani","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109014","article-title":"A micropuncture study of renal phosphate transport in rats with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"61","author":"Bank","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-008-0580-8","article-title":"Regulation of phosphate transport in proximal tubules","volume":"458","author":"Biber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.27","article-title":"Phosphate and FGF-23","volume":"121","author":"Juppner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12411","article-title":"Pathophysiology of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium dysregulation in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"28","author":"Felsenfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"issue":"2 Pt 2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib27","article-title":"Altered expression of Na transporters NHE-3, NaPi-II, Na-K-ATPase, BSC-1, and TSC in CRF rat kidneys","volume":"277","author":"Kwon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00491.x","article-title":"Renal ammonia metabolism and transport","volume":"3","author":"Weiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib29","first-page":"F1069","article-title":"Interorgan glutamine flow in metabolic acidosis","volume":"253","author":"Welbourne","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110436","article-title":"Renal ammoniagenesis in an early stage of metabolic acidosis in man","volume":"69","author":"Tizianello","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F555","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00113.2006","article-title":"Regulation of renal amino acid transporters during metabolic acidosis","volume":"292","author":"Moret","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112540","article-title":"Ammonia production by isolated mouse proximal tubules perfused in vitro. Effect of metabolic acidosis","volume":"78","author":"Nagami","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F472","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00249.2001","article-title":"Enhanced ammonia secretion by proximal tubules from mice receiving NH(4)Cl: role of angiotensin II","volume":"282","author":"Nagami","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195706202562505","article-title":"Acidosis in renal disease","volume":"256","author":"Schwartz","year":"1957","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(68)90252-0","article-title":"The acidosis of renal disease","volume":"44","author":"Relman","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1980.70","article-title":"Adaptive change in ammonia excretion in renal insufficiency","volume":"17","author":"MacClean","year":"1980","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109771","article-title":"Renal metabolism of amino acids and ammonia in subjects with normal renal function and in patients with chronic renal insufficiency","volume":"65","author":"Tizianello","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.112","article-title":"Mechanisms of muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017080935","article-title":"NBCe1-A Regulates Proximal Tubule Ammonia Metabolism under Basal Conditions and in Response to Metabolic Acidosis","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9998","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1217775110","article-title":"Sulfatides are required for renal adaptation to chronic metabolic acidosis","volume":"110","author":"Stettner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1238","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00151.2007","article-title":"Effect of reduced renal mass on renal ammonia transporter family, Rh C glycoprotein and Rh B glycoprotein, expression","volume":"293","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.17541120","article-title":"The Continuum of Acid Stress","volume":"16","author":"Wesson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019070677","article-title":"Mechanisms of Metabolic Acidosis-Induced Kidney Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"31","author":"Wesson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.08.005","article-title":"Assessing Acid-Base Status in Patients With CKD: Does Measurement of Blood pH Matter?","volume":"77","author":"Raphael","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs291","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis and kidney disease: does bicarbonate therapy slow the progression of CKD?","volume":"27","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12315","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease","volume":"19","author":"Raphael","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00060505","article-title":"Effect of dietary protein intake on serum total CO2 concentration in chronic kidney disease: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study findings","volume":"1","author":"Gennari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.08.028","article-title":"Metabolic Acidosis of CKD: An update","volume":"67","author":"Kraut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.196","article-title":"The serum anion gap is altered in early kidney disease and associates with mortality","volume":"82","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-137","article-title":"Dietary acid load and chronic kidney disease among adults in the United States","volume":"15","author":"Banerjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC. Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.6","article-title":"Increased tissue acid mediates a progressive decline in the glomerular filtration rate of animals with reduced nephron mass","volume":"75","author":"Wesson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.06.019","article-title":"Modulation of the Association of Hypobicarbonatemia and Incident Kidney Failure With Replacement Therapy by Venous pH: A Cohort Study","volume":"77","author":"Kajimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016101151","article-title":"Urine Ammonium Predicts Clinical Outcomes in Hypertensive Kidney Disease","volume":"28","author":"Raphael","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020101509","article-title":"The Urine Anion Gap: Common Misconceptions","volume":"32","author":"Uribarri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.10.015","article-title":"Effect of Bicarbonate on Net Acid Excretion, Blood Pressure, and Metabolism in Patients With and Without CKD: The Acid Base Compensation in CKD Study","volume":"78","author":"Tyson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.11.033","article-title":"Urine citrate excretion as a marker of acid retention in patients with chronic kidney disease without overt metabolic acidosis","volume":"95","author":"Goraya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int"}],"container-title":["Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1548559522000994?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1548559522000994?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T07:04:57Z","timestamp":1761548697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1548559522000994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1548559522000994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1548-5595"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1548-5595","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Regulation of Acid-Base Balance in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.05.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}