{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:00:34Z","timestamp":1792839634107,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]],"date-time":"2004-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1091318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,6]],"date-time":"2004-08-06T19:54:42Z","timestamp":1091822082000},"page":"485-492","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":422,"title":["Primary biliary cirrhosis in monozygotic and dizygotic twins: Genetics, epigenetics, and environment"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Carlo","family":"Selmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlyn J.","family":"Mayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Ishibashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Invernizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Gish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart C.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harlan I.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Zweiban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Podda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.Eric","family":"Gershwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199611213352107","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"335","author":"Kaplan","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80097-X","article-title":"Familial primary biliary cirrhosis reassessed","volume":"30","author":"Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4690","article-title":"The geoepidemiology of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"91","author":"Parikh-Patel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.5.2956","article-title":"Immunoreactivity of organic mimeotopes of the E2 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase","volume":"167","author":"Long","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03446.x","article-title":"Genetic and familial considerations of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"96","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.14.3.213","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis in twin sisters","volume":"14","author":"Chohan","year":"1973","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199410063311418","article-title":"Discordant occurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis in monozygotic twins","volume":"331","author":"Kaplan","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502023320517","article-title":"More on primary biliary cirrhosis in monozygotic twins","volume":"332","author":"Friedrich","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7040.1181","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"312","author":"Metcalf","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1992.tb01940.x","article-title":"HLA-DR typing by PCR amplification with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) in 2 hours","volume":"39","author":"Olerup","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB11","series-title":"Methodology in medical genetics","author":"Emery","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB12","series-title":"Advances in twin and sib-pair analysis","first-page":"35","article-title":"Practical approaches to account for biases and confounding in twin data","author":"MacGregor","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1999.0299","article-title":"Familial primary biliary cirrhosis in Hiroshima","volume":"13","author":"Tsuji","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1159\/000198892","article-title":"HLA antigens in Japanese patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"26","author":"Miyamori","year":"1983","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.26.6.625","article-title":"HLA-DR antigens in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"26","author":"Bassendine","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90090-8","article-title":"HLA DRw8 and complement C4 deficiency as risk factors in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"101","author":"Manns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB17","first-page":"112","article-title":"DNA polymorphism of HLA class II genes in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"35","author":"Morling","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90069-B","article-title":"HLA DRw8 and primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"103","author":"Maeda","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160616","article-title":"Susceptibility to primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with the HLA-DR8-DQB1\u22170402 haplotype","volume":"16","author":"Underhill","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1994.tb02303.x","article-title":"Genes within the HLA class II region confer both predisposition and resistance to primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"43","author":"Begovich","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80617-8","article-title":"DNA typing of HLA class II genes; DRB1\u22170803 increases the susceptibility of Japanese to primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"21","author":"Onishi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB22","first-page":"398","article-title":"Association of primary biliary cirrhosis with the allele HLA-DPB1\u22170301 in a German population","volume":"21","author":"Mella","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840210411","article-title":"HLA DPB polymorphism in primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"21","author":"Underhill","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.3.397","article-title":"HLA and interleukin 1 gene polymorphisms in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"48","author":"Donaldson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2002.590504.x","article-title":"HLA class II markers and clinical heterogeneity in Swedish patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"59","author":"Wassmuth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00440-3","article-title":"Peculiar HLA polymorphisms in Italian patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"38","author":"Invernizzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199906000-00004","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"11","author":"Agarwal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00176-3","article-title":"The natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"35","author":"Gershwin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.30914","article-title":"Common variants of the matrix metalloproteinase-3 (stromelysin) gene promoter in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"122","author":"Selmi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.03160.x","article-title":"Genetic variants of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"18","author":"Selmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/5.2.179","article-title":"The epidemiology of multiple births","volume":"5","author":"Bortolus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2003.02327.x","article-title":"Identical twins discordant for multiple sclerosis have a shift in their T-cell receptor repertoires","volume":"134","author":"Haegert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(01)00171-2","article-title":"Mechanisms for differences in monozygous twins","volume":"64","author":"Gringras","year":"2001","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2003.09.009","article-title":"The emerging role of epigenetics in cellular and organismal aging","volume":"38","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Timeline","volume":"4","author":"Feinberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(03)00082-9","article-title":"The callipyge locus","volume":"19","author":"Georges","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/417010a","article-title":"Dual identities","volume":"417","author":"Pearson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(01)02269-9","article-title":"Microchimerism","volume":"8","author":"Nelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15541-4","article-title":"Frequency of monosomy X in women with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"363","author":"Invernizzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.10.1176","article-title":"Late progression to diabetes and evidence for chronic beta-cell autoimmunity in identical twins of patients with type I diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Verge","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199705)14:5<347::AID-DIA332>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Twin studies in diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Hawkes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/dmr.5610110204","article-title":"Twin studies in insulin dependent diabetes and other autoimmune diseases","volume":"11","author":"Rowe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Rev"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.5.624","article-title":"The first large population based twin study of coeliac disease","volume":"50","author":"Greco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB44","first-page":"387A","article-title":"Occurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis in monozygotic twins","volume":"36","author":"Selmi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0004.2002.620201.x","article-title":"Epigenetic contributors to the discordance of monozygotic twins","volume":"62","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nri885","article-title":"Coeliac disease","volume":"2","author":"Sollid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(83)80085-7","article-title":"Familial occurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis","volume":"85","author":"Quigley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780350310","article-title":"A revised estimate of twin concordance in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"35","author":"Deapen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB49","first-page":"2264","article-title":"Monozygotic twins with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Bolstad","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.42.9.1351","article-title":"North-American twins with IDDM. Genetic, etiological, and clinical significance of disease concordance according to age, zygosity, and the interval after diagnosis in first twin","volume":"42","author":"Kumar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7010.913","article-title":"Concordance rates of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"311","author":"Kyvik","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.8.1270","article-title":"Value of antibodies to islet protein tyrosine phosphatase-like molecule in predicting type 1 diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Hawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB53","first-page":"899","article-title":"Occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis in a nationwide series of twins","volume":"13","author":"Aho","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/32.10.903","article-title":"Twin concordance rates for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Silman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200001)43:1<30::AID-ANR5>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Characterizing the quantitative genetic contribution to rheumatoid arthritis using data from twins","volume":"43","author":"MacGregor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502760258613","article-title":"Further evidence for a strong genetic influence on the development of autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"12","author":"Ringold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB57","first-page":"930","article-title":"Evidence for a major role of heredity in Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"86","author":"Brix","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.1.11","article-title":"The British Isles survey of multiple sclerosis in twins","volume":"44","author":"Mumford","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330309","article-title":"A population-based study of multiple sclerosis in twins","volume":"33","author":"Sadovnick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00172.x","article-title":"Concordance of dermatitis herpetiformis and celiac disease in monozygous twins","volume":"115","author":"Hervonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508504008418?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508504008418?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T23:14:54Z","timestamp":1585869294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0016508504008418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0016508504008418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-5085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-5085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}}}