{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:22:10Z","timestamp":1791120130212,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,29]],"date-time":"2005-07-29T18:31:14Z","timestamp":1122661874000},"page":"756-763","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":197,"title":["Natural history of chronic HBV carriers in northern Italy: Morbidity and mortality after 30 years"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Mauro","family":"Manno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calogero","family":"Camm\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Schepis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Bassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Gelmini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Miselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Grottola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilva","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Vecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"De Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199712113372406","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"337","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00415-0","article-title":"Strategies to prevent and control hepatitis B and C virus infections","volume":"17","author":"Mast","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198704163161601","article-title":"A serologic follow-up of the 1942 epidemic of post-vaccination hepatitis in the United States army","volume":"316","author":"Seeff","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.29401","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis B","volume":"34","author":"Lok","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(03)00083-7","article-title":"EASL international consensus conference on hepatitis B","volume":"38","author":"de Franchis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.24839","article-title":"Management of hepatitis B","volume":"120","author":"Lok","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070424","article-title":"Chronic type B hepatitis and the \u201chealthy\u201d HBsAg carrier state","volume":"7","author":"Hoofnagle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.19.6.569","article-title":"Clinical and pathological study of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers in Chile","volume":"19","author":"Velasco","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80294-1","article-title":"Prognosis of hepatitis B surface antigen carriers in relation with routine liver function tests","volume":"83","author":"Sakuma","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.4.604","article-title":"The long-term serological course of asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriers and the development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"151","author":"Alward","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90760-9","article-title":"A long-term follow-up study of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen positive carriers in Montreal","volume":"106","author":"Villeneuve","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90104-0","article-title":"Susceptibility of chronic symptomless HBsAg carriers to ethanol-induced hepatic damage","volume":"2","author":"Villa","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1985.tb08907.x","article-title":"Alcohol and hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"703","author":"Villa","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890160109","article-title":"Presence of HBV DNA in spermatozoa","volume":"16","author":"Hadchouel","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02063934","article-title":"Evidence for hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C with and without serological markers of hepatitis B","volume":"40","author":"Villa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5437","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.9.5437-5444.1995","article-title":"A novel method for efficient amplification of whole hepatitis B virus genomes permits rapid functional analysis and reveals deletion mutants in immunosuppressed patients","volume":"69","author":"Guenther","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2307\/2281868","article-title":"Non-parametric estimation for incomplete observation","volume":"53","author":"Kaplan","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Amer Statist Assn"},{"issue":"suppl E","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2000.02097.x","article-title":"Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in adults with emphasis on the occurrence of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Chu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36780","article-title":"Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Hassan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib20","first-page":"369","article-title":"Eight-year follow-up of the 90,000-person Haimen city cohort","volume":"11","author":"Evans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910340607","article-title":"Follow-up study of HBsAg-positive blood donors with special reference to effect of drinking and smoking on development of liver cancer","volume":"34","author":"Oshima","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880515)61:10<1942::AID-CNCR2820611003>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus","volume":"61","author":"Beasley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33161","article-title":"Clinical significance of hepatitis B virus genotypes","volume":"35","author":"Chu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.4.323","article-title":"Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"155","author":"Donato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-101-6-847","article-title":"Identification of alcohol abuse using laboratory tests and a history of trauma","volume":"101","author":"Skinner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib26","first-page":"2973","article-title":"High doses of alpha-interferon are required in chronic hepatitis due to coinfection with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus","volume":"96","author":"Villa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199708)52:4<399::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus is frequently coinfected with serum marker-negative hepatitis B virus","volume":"52","author":"Uchida","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350050331","article-title":"Spontaneous loss of hepatitis B surface antigen in chronic carriers, based on a long-term follow-up study in Goto Island, Japan","volume":"35","author":"Kato","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150304","article-title":"Spontaneous loss of HBsAg in children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Hsu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(01)00177-2","article-title":"Structural and functional heterogeneity of naturally occurring hepatitis B virus variants","volume":"52","author":"Burda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-5-1165","article-title":"High genetic variability of the group-specific A-determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and the corresponding fragment of the viral polymerase in chronic virus carriers lacking HBsAg in serum","volume":"81","author":"Weinberger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180605","article-title":"Persistence of hepatitis B virus DNA in the liver after loss of HBsAg in chronic hepatitis B","volume":"18","author":"Fong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91191-6","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction in the detection of HBV DNA after HBsAg clearance in chronic hepatitis B","volume":"103","author":"Kuhns","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150107","article-title":"Demonstration of hepatitis B virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in the serum and the liver after spontaneous or therapeutically induced HBeAg to anti-HBe or HBsAg to anti-HBs seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"15","author":"Loriot","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197806222982502","article-title":"Type B hepatitis after transfusion with blood containing antibody to hepatitis B core antigen","volume":"298","author":"Hoofnagle","year":"1978","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2516(06)80045-2","article-title":"Direct detection of HBV preC mutants in heterogeneous viral populations by a modified DNA sequencing method","volume":"144","author":"Manzin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Res Virol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.1995.tb00037.x","article-title":"HBV precore mutants in HbeAg carriers with chronic hepatitis treated with interferon","volume":"2","author":"Lampertico","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2272020193","article-title":"Severe liver fibrosis or cirrhosis","volume":"227","author":"Colli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00004-1","article-title":"Serum hepatitis B virus DNA levels and liver histology in inactive HBsAg carriers","volume":"36","author":"Martinot-Peignoux","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508504010571?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508504010571?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T06:48:10Z","timestamp":1706424490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0016508504010571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0016508504010571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-5085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-5085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}}}