{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:47:41Z","timestamp":1790758061789,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,9]],"date-time":"2006-05-09T17:22:14Z","timestamp":1147195334000},"page":"1510-1518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":485,"title":["Functional Anorectal Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Adil E.","family":"Bharucha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Wald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Enck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satish","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00329-9","article-title":"Fecal incontinence","volume":"124","author":"Bharucha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"II55","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.45.2008.ii55","article-title":"Functional disorders of the anus and rectum","volume":"45","author":"Whitehead","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib3","first-page":"26","article-title":"An examination of the reliability of reported stool frequency in the diagnosis of idiopathic constipation","volume":"91","author":"Ashraf","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of fecal incontinence","volume":"126","author":"Nelson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.4.480","article-title":"Prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 40 years or more living in the community","volume":"50","author":"Perry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04283.x","article-title":"Prevalence of faecal incontinence and associated risk factors; an underdiagnosed problem in the Australian community?","volume":"176","author":"Kalantar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.3.283","article-title":"Why do patients with faecal impaction have faecal incontinence?","volume":"27","author":"Read","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296523","article-title":"Urgency and fecal soiling in people with bowel dysfunction","volume":"31","author":"Drossman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298538","article-title":"Relationship of symptoms in faecal incontinence to specific sphincter abnormalities","volume":"10","author":"Engel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.11.1576","article-title":"Liquid stool incontinence with severe urgency","volume":"34","author":"Chiarioni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.047696","article-title":"Relationship between symptoms and disordered continence mechanisms in women with idiopathic fecal incontinence","volume":"54","author":"Bharucha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237236","article-title":"Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale","volume":"43","author":"Rockwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02076194","article-title":"History and examination in the assessment of patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence","volume":"37","author":"Hill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2982.2002.00352.x","article-title":"Minimum standards of anorectal manometry","volume":"14","author":"Rao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.1.4","article-title":"Anal endosonography in faecal incontinence","volume":"37","author":"Bartram","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312233292601","article-title":"Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery","volume":"329","author":"Sultan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09188-X","article-title":"Primary degeneration of the internal anal sphincter as a cause of passive faecal incontinence","volume":"349","author":"Vaizey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib18","first-page":"293","article-title":"How reproducible are measures of the anal sphincter muscle diameter by endoanal ultrasound?","volume":"92","author":"Enck","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70195-2","article-title":"AGA technical review on anorectal testing techniques","volume":"116","author":"Diamant","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234575","article-title":"Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence","volume":"44","author":"Heymen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.36586","article-title":"Significance of pelvic floor muscles in anal incontinence","volume":"123","author":"Fernandez-Fraga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(86)80015-4","article-title":"Delayed rectal sensation with fecal incontinence. Successful treatment using anorectal manometry","volume":"91","author":"Buser","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.6.807","article-title":"Utility of a combined test of anorectal manometry, electromyography, and sensation in determining the mechanism of \u2018idiopathic\u2019 faecal incontinence","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70099-X","article-title":"Is rectal pain sensitivity a biological marker for irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Whitehead","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2003.09.039","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of biofeedback for fecal incontinence","volume":"125","author":"Norton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15999-0","article-title":"Sacral spinal nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence","volume":"363","author":"Matzel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01303162","article-title":"U.S. householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"38","author":"Drossman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049867","article-title":"MMPI assessment of patients with functional bowel disorders","volume":"36","author":"Heymen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S114","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-200410001-00352","article-title":"Effects of Botox on levator ani syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Rao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib30","first-page":"450","article-title":"Proctalgia fugax in patients with the irritable bowel, peptic ulcer, or inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"79","author":"Thompson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054440","article-title":"Anorectal function and morphology in patients with sporadic proctalgia fugax","volume":"39","author":"Eckardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.4.609","article-title":"Paroxysmal anal hyperkinesis","volume":"39","author":"Rao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.4.581","article-title":"Hereditary proctalgia fugax and constipation","volume":"36","author":"Celik","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02633466","article-title":"Proctalgia fugax. Clinical observations and a new diagnostic aid","volume":"6","author":"Karras","year":"1963","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199702000-00023","article-title":"Internal anal sphincter myopathy causing proctalgia fugax and constipation","volume":"9","author":"Guy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02627263","article-title":"The psychologic aspects of proctalgia fugax","volume":"8","author":"Piling","year":"1965","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib37","first-page":"686","article-title":"Treatment of proctalgia fugax with salbutamol inhalation","volume":"91","author":"Eckardt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.8.1039","article-title":"Oral clonidine for proctalgia fugax","volume":"28","author":"Swain","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000135929.78074.8c","article-title":"Dyssynergic defecation","volume":"38","author":"Rao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib40","first-page":"1471","article-title":"Audit of constipation in a tertiary referral gastroenterology practice","volume":"90","author":"Surrenti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01536923","article-title":"Contributions of evacuation proctography and anorectal manometry to evaluation of adults with constipation and defecatory difficulty","volume":"35","author":"Wald","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236261","article-title":"Which physiologic tests are useful in patients with constipation?","volume":"41","author":"Halverson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02066978","article-title":"Anismus","volume":"16","author":"Duthie","year":"1992","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050925","article-title":"Anismus","volume":"40","author":"Schouten","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.1.100","article-title":"Intrarectal pressures and balloon expulsion related to evacuation proctography","volume":"37","author":"Halligan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00326.x","article-title":"Obstructive defecation","volume":"93","author":"Rao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2004.00526.x","article-title":"Investigation of the utility of colorectal function tests and Rome II criteria in dyssynergic defecation (Anismus)","volume":"16","author":"Rao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.044","article-title":"Predictive value of the balloon expulsion test for excluding the diagnosis of pelvic floor dyssynergia in constipation","volume":"126","author":"Minguiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050015","article-title":"Parameters of anorectal and colonic motility in health and in severe constipation","volume":"36","author":"Pezim","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib50","first-page":"93","article-title":"Defecography","volume":"3","author":"Ekberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.12.1737","article-title":"Defecography in normal volunteers","volume":"30","author":"Shorvon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07235.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of anatomic and dynamic defects of the pelvic floor in defecatory disorders","volume":"98","author":"Fletcher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90837-7","article-title":"Simplified assessment of segmental colonic transit","volume":"92","author":"Metcalf","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib54","first-page":"856","article-title":"Transit of solids through the human colon","volume":"258","author":"Proano","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200003000-00010","article-title":"Pelvic floor study in patients with obstructive defecation","volume":"30","author":"Dailianas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.6.907","article-title":"Relationships between defecographic findings, rectal emptying, and colonic transit time in constipated patients","volume":"36","author":"Karlbom","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.6.798","article-title":"Discriminant value of psychological distress, symptom profiles, and segmental colonic dysfunction in outpatients with severe idiopathic constipation","volume":"35","author":"Grotz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02285184","article-title":"Anismus as a marker of sexual abuse","volume":"40","author":"Leroi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.10.1175","article-title":"Outlet obstruction constipation (anismus) managed by biofeedback","volume":"32","author":"Kawimbe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib60","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Biofeedback treatment of constipation","volume":"89","author":"Bleijenberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01720669","article-title":"Simple electromyographic biofeedback treatment for chronic pediatric constipation\/encopresis","volume":"19","author":"Cox","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biofeedback Self Regul"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018846113210","article-title":"Effects of biofeedback therapy on anorectal function in obstructive defecation","volume":"42","author":"Rao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.014","article-title":"Biofeedback is superior to laxatives for normal transit constipation due to pelvic floor dyssynergia","volume":"130","author":"Chiarioni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib64","first-page":"A-269","article-title":"Biofeedback therapy for dyssynergic constipation","volume":"128","author":"Rao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064_bib65","first-page":"A-266","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial shows biofeedback to be superior to alternative treatments for patients with pelvic floor dyssynergia-type constipation","volume":"128","author":"Heymen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508506005166?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508506005166?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T16:34:46Z","timestamp":1586882086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0016508506005166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0016508506005166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.064","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-5085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-5085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}}}