{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:26:49Z","timestamp":1792657609974,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 DK71486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 DK71486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000096","name":"National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M01 RR000827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M01 RR000827"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P60 MD00220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P60 MD00220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","gastrojournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,27]],"date-time":"2009-01-27T04:31:33Z","timestamp":1233030693000},"page":"1585-1592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":405,"title":["Heritability of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey B.","family":"Schwimmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel A.","family":"Celedon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel E.","family":"Lavine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rany","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nzali","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Schork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Shiehmorteza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Yokoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Middleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude B.","family":"Sirlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1212","article-title":"Prevalence of fatty liver in children and adolescents","volume":"118","author":"Schwimmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.138.11.1240","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic liver disease in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery","volume":"138","author":"Beymer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00978-X","article-title":"Histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in morbidly obese adolescents","volume":"4","author":"Xanthakos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.19.2169","article-title":"Metabolic significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nonobese, nondiabetic adults","volume":"164","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21262","article-title":"NAFLD in children: a prospective clinical-pathological study and effect of lifestyle advice","volume":"44","author":"Nobili","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00315-0","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cryptogenic cirrhosis within kindreds","volume":"108","author":"Struben","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.04667.x","article-title":"Ninety patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: insulin resistance, familial tendency, and severity of disease","volume":"96","author":"Willner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20466","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity","volume":"40","author":"Browning","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04059.x","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the prevalence of cryptogenic cirrhosis","volume":"99","author":"Browning","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E462","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00064.2004","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure hepatic triglyceride content: prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the general population","volume":"288","author":"Szczepaniak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e561","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1832","article-title":"The influence of gender, race, and ethnicity on suspected fatty liver in obese adolescents","volume":"115","author":"Schwimmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000177314.65824.4d","article-title":"Decreased prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in black obese children","volume":"41","author":"Louthan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib13","series-title":"Fundamentals of genetic epidemiology","author":"Khoury","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1353\/hub.2003.0064","article-title":"A number no greater than the sum of its parts: the use and abuse of heritability","volume":"75","author":"Vitzthum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20842","article-title":"Histopathology of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Schwimmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-12925","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: definition and pathology","volume":"21","author":"Brunt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib17","series-title":"Preventing childhood obesity health in the balance","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.153.1.6089263","article-title":"Simple proton spectroscopic imaging","volume":"153","author":"Dixon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2373041639","article-title":"Hepatic fat fraction: MR imaging for quantitative measurement and display\u2014early experience","volume":"237","author":"Hussain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21301","article-title":"Fat quantification with IDEAL gradient echo imaging: correction of bias from T(1) and noise","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2007.08.012","article-title":"Relaxation effects in the quantification of fat using gradient echo imaging","volume":"26","author":"Bydder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21090","article-title":"Multiecho reconstruction for simultaneous water-fat decomposition and T2* estimation","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1086\/302487","article-title":"Testing the robustness of the likelihood-ratio test in a variance-component quantitative-trait loci-mapping procedure","volume":"65","author":"Allison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib24","first-page":"881","article-title":"Robust statistical inference using the t distribution","volume":"84","author":"Lange","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib25","first-page":"173","article-title":"Ascertainment and goodness of fit of variance component models for pedigree data","volume":"147","author":"Boehnke","year":"1984","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.47.0476","article-title":"Familial aggregation in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"47","author":"Tokushige","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.06.001","article-title":"Familial aggregation of insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"4","author":"Abdelmalek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-12927","article-title":"Etiopathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"21","author":"Chitturi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2004.04.001","article-title":"The potential role of genes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"8","author":"Day","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(98)00059-X","article-title":"Association of Trp64Arg mutation of the B3-adrenergic receptor with fatty liver and mild glucose intolerance in Japanese subjects","volume":"274","author":"Shima","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(01)00633-7","article-title":"Gln27Glu beta2-adrenergic receptor variant is associated with hypertriglyceridemia and the development of fatty liver","volume":"314","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.31065","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter polymorphisms and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"122","author":"Valenti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.01.028","article-title":"Polymorphisms of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene and manganese superoxide dismutase gene in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"40","author":"Namikawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000134410.42980.5E","article-title":"Polymorphisms of interleukin-1B and B3-adrenergic receptor in Japanese patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"28","author":"Nozaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3580com","article-title":"Polymorphism of the PEMT gene and susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.093336","article-title":"Increased risk of NASH in patients with the C(-159)T polymorphism in the CD14 gene promoter region","volume":"55","author":"Brun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0156","article-title":"Genes involved in fatty acid partitioning and binding, lipolysis, monocyte\/macrophage recruitment, and inflammation are overexpressed in the human fatty liver of insulin-resistant subjects","volume":"56","author":"Westerbacka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1281","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00074.2008","article-title":"Gene expression in human NAFLD","volume":"294","author":"Greco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2008.00382.x","article-title":"Liver X receptor in cooperation with SREBP-1c is a major lipid synthesis regulator in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"38","author":"Higuchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508509001528?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508509001528?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:38:05Z","timestamp":1762162685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0016508509001528"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0016508509001528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-5085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-5085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Heritability of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gastroenterology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.050","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.03.020","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}