{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:17:01Z","timestamp":1791267421843,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":252,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]],"date-time":"2012-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]],"date-time":"2012-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","gastrojournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,8]],"date-time":"2012-02-08T11:57:36Z","timestamp":1328702256000},"page":"711-725.e6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":778,"title":["Role of Obesity and Lipotoxicity in the Development of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Cusi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.472","article-title":"Variations in BMI and prevalence of health risks in diverse racial and ethnic populations","volume":"18","author":"Stommel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.15.1609","article-title":"Identification and characterization of metabolically benign obesity in humans","volume":"168","author":"Stefan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib3","article-title":"Effect of adipose tissue insulin resistance on metabolic parameters and liver histology in obese patients with NAFLD","author":"Lomonaco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib4","first-page":"73","article-title":"Obesity - United States, 1988-2008","volume":"60","author":"Freedman","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.2014","article-title":"Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008","volume":"303","author":"Flegal","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60813-1","article-title":"The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments","volume":"378","author":"Swinburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00008","article-title":"Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis","volume":"138","author":"Peeters","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.07.017","article-title":"Unmet needs in hispanic\/latino patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"124","author":"Cusi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1118","article-title":"Poverty and obesity in the U.S","volume":"60","author":"Levine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-010-0122-6","article-title":"The role of adipose tissue and lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Cusi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0882","article-title":"Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"45","author":"Hamilton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2008.0070","article-title":"Health care utilization and costs by metabolic syndrome risk factors","volume":"7","author":"Boudreau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib13","author":"Cawley"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60814-3","article-title":"Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK","volume":"378","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.11.005","article-title":"New developments in adipogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Lefterova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57132","article-title":"Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"121","author":"Lumeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061620","article-title":"Reversal of obesity-and diet-induced insulin resistance with salicylates or targeted disruption of IkkB","volume":"293","author":"Yuan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI43378","article-title":"Lipid-induced insulin resistance mediated by the proinflammatory receptor TLR4 requires saturated fatty acid-induced ceramide biosynthesis in mice","volume":"121","author":"Holland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9047","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.12.9047","article-title":"The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase promotes insulin resistance during association with insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphorylation of Ser(307)","volume":"275","author":"Aguirre","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0650","article-title":"Selective inactivation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in adipose tissue protects against diet-induced obesity and improves insulin sensitivity in both liver and skeletal muscle in mice","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R700007-JLR200","article-title":"Thematic review series: adipocyte biology","volume":"48","author":"Gregor","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3072","article-title":"CREB and the CRTC co-activators: sensors for hormonal and metabolic signals","volume":"12","author":"Altarejos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60408-4","article-title":"Lipid-induced insulin resistance: unravelling the mechanism","volume":"375","author":"Samuel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2127-3","article-title":"Sphingolipids: agents provocateurs in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance","volume":"54","author":"Lipina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2008.07.002","article-title":"The adipocyte as an endocrine cell","volume":"37","author":"Halberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5738","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.07303.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of obesity and related pathologies: the macro- and microcirculation of adipose tissue","volume":"276","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317797","article-title":"The fat-derived hormone adiponectin alleviates alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases in mice","volume":"112","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31021","article-title":"Obesity-associated improvements in metabolic profile through expansion of adipose tissue","volume":"117","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2009.01176.x","article-title":"The role of adiponectin in the pathogenesis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Polyzos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23116","article-title":"Importance of changes in adipose tissue insulin resistance to histological response during thiazolidinedione treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"50","author":"Gastaldelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04405.x","article-title":"Pioglitazone in the treatment of NASH: the role of adiponectin","volume":"32","author":"Gastaldelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219583","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/219583","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators and insulin resistance in obesity: role of nuclear receptor signaling in macrophages","volume":"2010","author":"Fuentes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45887","article-title":"Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity","volume":"121","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500294-JLR200","article-title":"Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans","volume":"46","author":"Cinti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800019-JLR200","article-title":"Dead adipocytes, detected as crown-like structures, are prevalent in visceral fat depots of genetically obese mice","volume":"49","author":"Murano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1076","article-title":"Increased inflammatory properties of adipose tissue macrophages recruited during diet-induced obesity","volume":"56","author":"Lumeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E166","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00284.2006","article-title":"Macrophages block insulin action in adipocytes by altering expression of signaling and glucose transport proteins","volume":"292","author":"Lumeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.04.003","article-title":"Alternative M2 activation of Kupffer cells by PPARdelta ameliorates obesity-induced insulin resistance","volume":"7","author":"Odegaard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1403","article-title":"C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) regulates the hepatic recruitment of myeloid cells that promote obesity-induced hepatic steatosis","volume":"59","author":"Obstfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23337","article-title":"Kupffer cells promote hepatic steatosis via interleukin-1beta-dependent suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activity","volume":"51","author":"Stienstra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0016","article-title":"Depletion of liver Kupffer cells prevents the development of diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance","volume":"59","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.51.6.944","article-title":"Gadolinium chloride blocks alcohol-dependent liver toxicity in rats treated chronicallywith intragastric alcohol despite the induction of CYP2E1","volume":"51","author":"Koop","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0224","article-title":"Adipose tissue dysfunction signals progression of hepatic steatosis towards nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"59","author":"Duval","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-8-8","article-title":"Inflammatory signals shift from adipose to liver during high fat feeding and influence the development of steatohepatitis in mice","volume":"8","author":"Stanton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Inflamm (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(00)00306-4","article-title":"PPAR gamma and the treatment of insulin resistance","volume":"11","author":"Olefsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.7.1660","article-title":"The effect of pioglitazone on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma target genes related to lipid storage in vivo","volume":"27","author":"Bogacka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.21145","article-title":"Activation of retinoic X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma inhibits nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in rat Kupffer cells","volume":"33","author":"Uchimura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.alc.0000192394.26573.10","article-title":"Protective effect of pioglitazone against endotoxin-induced liver injury through prevention of Kupffer cell sensitization","volume":"29","author":"Enomoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.02.035","article-title":"Adiponectin regulation of stellate cell activation via PPARgamma-dependent and -independent mechanisms","volume":"178","author":"Shafiei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.33666","article-title":"Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones inhibit collagen synthesis and hepatic stellate cell activation in vivo and in vitro","volume":"122","author":"Galli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i7.1047","article-title":"Effects of PPAR\u03b3 agonist pioglitazone on rat hepatic fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.01.038","article-title":"Pioglitazone prevents hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and enzyme-altered lesions in rat liver cirrhosis induced by a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet","volume":"315","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr53","first-page":"235","article-title":"The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, pioglitazone, inhibits fat accumulation and fibrosis in the livers of rats fed a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined diet","volume":"32","author":"Uto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060326","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"355","author":"Belfort","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr55","first-page":"A132","article-title":"A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of one year of pioglitazone in non-diabetic subjects with NASH","volume":"46","author":"Aithal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907929","article-title":"Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"362","author":"Sanyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)91500-9","article-title":"The glucose fatty acid cycle","volume":"1","author":"Randle","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7535","article-title":"Insulin resistance differentially affects the PI 3-kinase- and MAP kinase-mediated signaling in human muscle","volume":"105","author":"Cusi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.10.2461","article-title":"A sustained increase in plasma free fatty acids impairs insulin secretion in nondiabetic subjects genetically predisposed to develop type 2 diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Kashyap","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr60","first-page":"E537","article-title":"Discordant effects of a chronic physiological increase in plasma FFA on insulin signaling in healthy subjects with or without a family history of type 2 diabetes","volume":"287","author":"Kashyap","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.6.1640","article-title":"Dose-response effect of elevated plasma free fatty acid on insulin signaling","volume":"54","author":"Belfort","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.5.677","article-title":"Fuel selection in human skeletal muscle in insulin resistance","volume":"49","author":"Kelley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-006-0031-x","article-title":"Fatty acid-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and liver","volume":"6","author":"Boden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr64","first-page":"E1775","article-title":"Effects on insulin secretion and insulin action of a 48-h reduction of plasma free fatty acids with acipimox in nondiabetic subjects genetically predisposed to type 2 diabetes","volume":"292","author":"Cusi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2009.11.007","article-title":"Intramuscular triacylglycerol and insulin resistance: guilty as charged or wrongly accused?","volume":"1801","author":"Muoio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.01.002","article-title":"Inhibition of ceramide synthesis ameliorates glucocorticoid-, saturated-fat-, and obesity-induced insulin resistance","volume":"5","author":"Holland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081149","article-title":"Modulating serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT) expression and activity unveils a crucial role in lipid-induced insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle cells","volume":"417","author":"Watson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1221","article-title":"Skeletal muscle triglycerides, diacylglycerols, and ceramides in insulin resistance: another paradox in endurance-trained athletes?","volume":"60","author":"Amati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135846","article-title":"Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance","volume":"72","author":"Olefsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24483","article-title":"Role of ethnicity in overweight and obese subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)","volume":"54","author":"Lomonaco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.19.2169","article-title":"Metabolic significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nonobese, nondiabetic adults","volume":"164","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1682-x","article-title":"Insulin resistance in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: sites and mechanisms","volume":"48","author":"Bugianesi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1849","article-title":"Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes and metabolic profile of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"35","author":"Ortiz-Lopez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2009.10.006","article-title":"Lipid homeostasis, lipotoxicity and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"1801","author":"Unger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00422371","article-title":"A high concentration of fasting plasma non-esterified fatty acids is a risk factor for the development of NIDDM","volume":"38","author":"Paolisso","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050793","article-title":"The role of non-esterified fatty acids in the deterioration of glucose tolerance in Caucasian subjects: results of the Paris Prospective Study","volume":"40","author":"Charles","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-009-0033-6","article-title":"Lessons learned from studying families genetically predisposed to type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Cusi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000190774.91875.d2","article-title":"Liver disease in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"40","author":"Harrison","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283293015","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Cusi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.138.11.1240","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic liver disease in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery","volume":"138","author":"Beymer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21327","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes","volume":"44","author":"Ekstedt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E526","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.092144","article-title":"Newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for serious liver disease","volume":"182","author":"Porepa","year":"2010","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23594","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: a weighty connection","volume":"51","author":"Starley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr85","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2011.03.007","article-title":"Insulin resistance and other metabolic risk factors in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Siddique","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06547.x","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Japan","volume":"26","author":"Okanoue","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.518623","article-title":"Meta-analysis: natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for liver disease severity","volume":"43","author":"Musso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23784","article-title":"Clinical, laboratory and histological associations in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"52","author":"Neuschwander-Tetri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06548.x","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver in Asia: Firmly entrenched and rapidly gaining ground","volume":"26","author":"Chitturi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03112.x","article-title":"Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and postchallenge hyperglycaemia in Chinese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"24","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06567.x","article-title":"Postprandial insulin secretion pattern is associated with histological severity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients without prior known diabetes mellitus","volume":"26","author":"Kimura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06528.x","article-title":"Postprandial hyperinsulinemia is universal in non-diabetic patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"26","author":"Manchanayake","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1709","article-title":"Contributions of different fatty acid sources to very low-density lipoprotein-triacylglycerol in the fasted and fed states","volume":"91","author":"Barrows","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.5.701","article-title":"Effects of free fatty acid elevation on postabsorptive endogenous glucose production and gluconeogenesis in humans","volume":"49","author":"Roden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00429.2001","article-title":"FFA cause hepatic insulin resistance by inhibiting insulin suppression of glycogenolysis","volume":"283","author":"Boden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.04.068","article-title":"Relationship between hepatic\/visceral fat and hepatic insulin resistance in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects","volume":"133","author":"Gastaldelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.11.004","article-title":"Excessive hepatic mitochondrial TCA cycle and gluconeogenesis in humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Sunny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.9.1836","article-title":"Overnight lowering of free fatty acids with acipimox improves insulin resistance and glucose tolerance in obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects","volume":"48","author":"Santomauro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.39.5.570","article-title":"Free fatty acid inhibition of insulin binding, degradation, and action in isolated rat hepatocytes","volume":"39","author":"Svedberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115534","article-title":"Fatty acids in the portal vein of the rat regulate hepatic insulin clearance","volume":"88","author":"Svedberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.4.766","article-title":"Free fatty acids impair hepatic insulin extraction in vivo","volume":"48","author":"Wiesenthal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.3.399","article-title":"Prolonged elevation of plasma free fatty acids impairs pancreatic beta-cell function in obese nondiabetic humans but not in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"49","author":"Carpentier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04313.x","article-title":"Acute elevation of NEFA causes hyperinsulinemia without effect on insulin secretion rate in healthy human subjects","volume":"967","author":"Balent","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.8.1844","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a feature of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Marchesini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.03.021","article-title":"Increased liver fat, impaired insulin clearance, and hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes","volume":"135","author":"Kotronen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1709","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00444.2007","article-title":"Effect of liver fat on insulin clearance","volume":"293","author":"Kotronen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23621","article-title":"Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"115","author":"Donnelly","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-008-0011-4","article-title":"Fatty liver, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia","volume":"8","author":"Adiels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220616","article-title":"The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver: a follow-up study","volume":"22","author":"Teli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07659.x","article-title":"The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a clinical histopathological study","volume":"98","author":"Harrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.04.014","article-title":"The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study","volume":"129","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21103","article-title":"Similarities and differences in outcomes of cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatitis C","volume":"43","author":"Sanyal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1159\/000324277","article-title":"Long-term, clinical follow-up in fatty liver patients","volume":"28","author":"Bendtsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24491","article-title":"The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis: an international collaborative study","volume":"54","author":"Bhala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.01.005","article-title":"Regulation of plasma triglycerides in insulin resistance and diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0125-z","article-title":"Overproduction of large VLDL particles is driven by increased liver fat content in man","volume":"49","author":"Adiels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0790-1","article-title":"Acute suppression of VLDL1 secretion rate by insulin is associated with hepatic fat content and insulin resistance","volume":"50","author":"Adiels","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.038","article-title":"Alterations in adipose tissue and hepatic lipid kinetics in obese men and women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"134","author":"Fabbrini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15430","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904944106","article-title":"Intrahepatic fat, not visceral fat, is linked with metabolic complications of obesity","volume":"106","author":"Fabbrini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1381\/096089206778392149","article-title":"Gene expression of leptin, resistin, and adiponectin in the white adipose tissue of obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance","volume":"16","author":"Baranova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1159\/000282098","article-title":"Genetic and environmental susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"28","author":"Day","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.257","article-title":"Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"40","author":"Romeo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1285-z","article-title":"A common variant in PNPLA3, which encodes adiponutrin, is associated with liver fat content in humans","volume":"52","author":"Kotronen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P900013-JLR200","article-title":"A nonsynonymous gene variant in the adiponutrin gene is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease severity","volume":"50","author":"Sookoian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.216","article-title":"Morbid obesity exposes the association between PNPLA3 I148M (rs738409) and indices of hepatic injury in individuals of European descent","volume":"34","author":"Romeo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907295","article-title":"Apolipoprotein C3 gene variants in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"362","author":"Petersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr128","article-title":"Genetic variation in PNPLA3 but not APOC3 influences liver fat in NAFLD","author":"Hyysalo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24072","article-title":"Dissociation between APOC3 variants, hepatic triglyceride content and insulin resistance","volume":"53","author":"Kozlitina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr130","article-title":"Ethnicity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","author":"Bambha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120505","article-title":"Fatty liver hepatitis (steatohepatitis) and obesity: an autopsy study with analysis of risk factors","volume":"12","author":"Wanless","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.06.013","article-title":"Hepatic histology in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery","volume":"45","author":"Machado","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1091978","article-title":"The epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a global perspective","volume":"28","author":"Lazo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24558","article-title":"Rosiglitazone versus rosiglitazone and metformin versus rosiglitazone and losartan in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in humans: a 12-month randomized, prospective, open-label trial","volume":"54","author":"Torres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300342","article-title":"Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced fibrosis in Hong Kong Chinese: a population study using proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transient elastography","volume":"61","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04724.x","article-title":"Systematic review: the epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults","volume":"34","author":"Vernon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3282ff5e55","article-title":"Hepatic triglyceride synthesis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"19","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2007.10.001","article-title":"The role of fatty acids in the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"19","author":"Gentile","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840380426","article-title":"Defective hepatic mitochondrial respiratory chain in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"38","author":"P\u00e9rez-Carreras","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.193","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22851","article-title":"Intramitochondrial crystalline inclusions in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"49","author":"Caldwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1076","article-title":"Liver ATP synthesis is lower and relates to insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Szendreodi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2217\/clp.09.85","article-title":"Mechanisms and clinical implications of hepatocyte lipoapoptosis","volume":"5","author":"Cazanave","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3283462e16","article-title":"Hepatic fatty acid partitioning","volume":"22","author":"Hodson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21763","article-title":"A lipidomic analysis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"46","author":"Puri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0630588100","article-title":"Triglyceride accumulation protects against fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity","volume":"100","author":"Listenberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0570","article-title":"Saturated fatty acids promote endoplasmic reticulum stress and liver injury in rats with hepatic steatosis","volume":"147","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800248-JLR200","article-title":"Blocking VLDL secretion causes hepatic steatosis but does not affect peripheral lipid stores or insulin sensitivity in mice","volume":"49","author":"Minehira","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.06.018","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance: does etiology make a difference?","volume":"44","author":"Lonardo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.12.001","article-title":"Metabolic factors in the development of hepatic steatosis and altered mitochondrial gene expression in vivo","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr151","first-page":"315","article-title":"Postreceptor insulin resistance contributes to human dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis","volume":"119","author":"Semple","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr152","first-page":"A1668","article-title":"Effect of liver fat accumulation on insulin resistance and severity of NASH in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"60","author":"Lomonaco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24001","article-title":"Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the multiple parallel hits hypothesis","volume":"52","author":"Tilg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.040","article-title":"Hepatic free cholesterol accumulates in obese, diabetic mice and causes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"141","author":"Van Rooyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr155","article-title":"Inflammatory stress exacerbates hepatic cholesterol accumulation via disrupting cellular cholesterol export","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1159\/000282081","article-title":"The natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"28","author":"Caldwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24268","article-title":"Pathologic criteria for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: interprotocol agreement and ability to predict liver-related mortality","volume":"53","author":"Younossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1159\/000282094","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of hepatic fibrosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"28","author":"Rombouts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2009.07.009","article-title":"Role of liver insulin resistance and lipotoxicity in NASH","volume":"13","author":"Cusi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24042","article-title":"Therapeutic trials in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: insulin sensitizers and related methodological issues","volume":"52","author":"Ratziu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22063","article-title":"Downregulation of hepatic stellate cell activation by retinol and palmitate mediated by adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP)","volume":"223","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2009.73","article-title":"Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes induces fibrogenic activation of hepatic stellate cells","volume":"19","author":"Wobser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0912063","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"363","author":"Targher","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23789","article-title":"Liver enzymes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and incident cardiovascular disease: a narrative review and clinical perspective of prospective data","volume":"52","author":"Ghouri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.6.1889","article-title":"High alanine aminotransferase is associated with decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and predicts the development of type 2 diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Vozarova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000160613.57985.18","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with carotid atherosclerosis: a case-control study","volume":"25","author":"Brea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.12.2913","article-title":"Hepatic enzymes, the metabolic syndrome, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older men","volume":"28","author":"Wannamethee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0982","article-title":"Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"30","author":"Schindhelm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.09.018","article-title":"Aminotransferase levels and 20-year risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"135","author":"Goessling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.00341.x","article-title":"The prevalence and predictors of elevated serum aminotransferase activity in the United States in 1999-2002","volume":"101","author":"Ioannou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.06.018","article-title":"Increased overall mortality and liver-related mortality in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"49","author":"Ong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1159\/000282088","article-title":"The role of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in cardiovascular disease","volume":"28","author":"Perseghin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000160549.60980.a8","article-title":"Free fatty acid impairment of nitric oxide production in endothelial cells is mediated by IKKb","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-4572.2008.00013.x","article-title":"Chronic low-dose lipid infusion in healthy patients induces markers of endothelial activation independent of its metabolic effects","volume":"3","author":"Kashyap","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cardiometab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-9-9","article-title":"Elevated plasma free fatty acids increase cardiovascular risk by inducing plasma biomarkers of endothelial activation, myeloperoxidase and PAI-1 in healthy subjects","volume":"9","author":"Mathew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.228262","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome are independently and additively associated with increased systemic inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Ndumele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.645614","article-title":"Cardiac steatosis in diabetes mellitus","volume":"116","author":"McGavock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4689","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0584","article-title":"Myocardial triglyceride content and epicardial fat mass in human obesity: relationship to left ventricular function and serum free fatty acid levels","volume":"91","author":"Kankaanpaa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr179","first-page":"E282","article-title":"Liver steatosis coexists with myocardial insulin resistance and coronary dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"291","author":"Lautam\u00e4ki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.02.049","article-title":"Effects of hepatic triglyceride content on myocardial metabolism in type 2 diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Rijzewijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr181","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes","author":"Bonapace","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.2310\/6650.2007.00003","article-title":"Effect of pioglitazone therapy on myocardial and hepatic steatosis in insulin-treated patietns with type 2 diabetes","volume":"55","author":"Zib","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Invest Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.803916","article-title":"Pioglitazone improves cardiac function and alters myocardial substrate metabolism without affecting cardiac triglyceride accumulation and high-energy phosphate metabolism in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"119","author":"van der Meer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.18","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease increases risk of death among patients with diabetes: a community-based cohort study","volume":"105","author":"Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70506-8","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity","volume":"116","author":"Matteoni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520903171284","article-title":"Final results of a long-term, clinical follow-up in fatty liver patients","volume":"44","author":"Dam-Larsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02034.x","article-title":"Suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and mortality risk in a population-based cohort study","volume":"103","author":"Dunn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20781","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk profile in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Villanova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i12.1848","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis is associated with an increased risk of carotid atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Volzke","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0135","article-title":"Relations between carotid artery wall thickness and liver histology in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Targher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.08.041","article-title":"Carotid artery intima-media thickness in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"121","author":"Fracanzani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02188.x","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis and subclinical cardiovascular disease in a cohort enriched for type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Heart Study","volume":"103","author":"McKimmie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr193","first-page":"215","article-title":"Association between fatty liver disease and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Poanta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Ultrason"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.12.3541","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of future cardiovascular events among type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"54","author":"Targher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.04.006","article-title":"Alanine aminotransferase predicts coronary heart disease events: a 10-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study","volume":"191","author":"Schindhelm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171016","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss","volume":"113","author":"Poirier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0140","article-title":"(How) Can we prevent type 2 diabetes?","volume":"56","author":"Buchanan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.2.285","article-title":"Comparative review of diets for the metabolic syndrome: implications for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"86","author":"Zivkovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.112094","article-title":"Benefits of lifestyle modification in NAFLD","volume":"56","author":"Harrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X09359964","article-title":"Treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"3","author":"Lam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23623","article-title":"A meta-analysis of randomized trials for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"52","author":"Musso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.02.004","article-title":"A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"4","author":"Zelber-Sagi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22575","article-title":"Orlistat for overweight subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a randomized prospective trial","volume":"49","author":"Harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23276","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial testing the effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"51","author":"Promrat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.3.603","article-title":"Reversal of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia by moderate weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"54","author":"Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1983","article-title":"Dietary fat content modifies liver fat in overweight nondiabetic subjects","volume":"90","author":"Westerbacka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.151977","article-title":"High cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of the reduction in liver fat during a lifestyle intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"58","author":"Kantartzis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.048","article-title":"Dietary fat and carbohydrates differentially alter insulin sensitivity during caloric restriction","volume":"136","author":"Kirk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1959","article-title":"Effects of diet and exercise on muscle and liver intracellular lipid contents and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"90","author":"Tamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.568","article-title":"High visceral fat mass and high liver fat are associated with resistance to lifestyle intervention","volume":"15","author":"Thamer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2007.01820.x","article-title":"Lifestyle intervention in individuals with normal versus impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"37","author":"Schafer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0856","article-title":"Effect of a 12-month intensive lifestyle intervention on hepatic steatosis in adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Lazo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41334.x","article-title":"One-year intense nutritional counseling results in histological improvement in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study","volume":"100","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21264","article-title":"A low-carbohydrate diet rapidly and dramatically reduces intrahepatic triglyceride content","volume":"44","author":"Browning","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9433-5","article-title":"The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study","volume":"52","author":"Tendler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24242","article-title":"Randomized comparison of reduced fat and reduced carbohydrate hypocaloric diets on intrahepatic fat in overweight and obese human subjects","volume":"53","author":"Haufe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23129","article-title":"Aerobic exercise training reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obese individuals without weight loss","volume":"50","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.274","article-title":"A 12-week aerobic exercise program reduces hepatic fat accumulation and insulin resistance in obese, Hispanic adolescents","volume":"18","author":"van der Heijden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03306.x","article-title":"Bariatric surgery: an IDF statement for obese type 2 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Dixon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181b57475","article-title":"Effect of weight loss on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"43","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007340.pub2","article-title":"Bariatric surgery for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese patients","author":"Chavez-Tapia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1381\/096089206776944904","article-title":"Histological findings in the liver before and after gastric bypass","volume":"16","author":"Csendes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.04.052","article-title":"Prospective study of the long-term effects of bariatric surgery on liver injury in patients without advanced disease","volume":"137","author":"Mathurin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04467.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: insulin sensitizers for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"32","author":"Rakoski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.08699.x","article-title":"Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"98","author":"Harrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00457-4","article-title":"A pilot study of vitamin E versus vitamin E and pioglitazone for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"2","author":"Sanyal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41583.x","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of metformin versus vitamin E or prescriptive diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"100","author":"Bugianesi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.520","article-title":"Effect of vitamin E or metformin for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: the TONIC randomized controlled trial","volume":"305","author":"Lavine","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr229","first-page":"4059","article-title":"Metabolic effects of metformin on glucose and lactate metabolism in NIDDM","volume":"81","author":"Cusi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr230","first-page":"89","article-title":"Metformin: a review of its metabolic effects","volume":"6","author":"Cusi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890802552437","article-title":"New diagnostic and treatment approaches in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"41","author":"Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03869.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: pilot study of metformin for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"29","author":"Loomba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X09105462","article-title":"The effect of metformin and standard therapy versus standard therapy alone in nondiabetic patients with insulin resistance and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a pilot study","volume":"2","author":"Shields","year":"2009","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520902845268","article-title":"Metformin in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Haukeland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32832e2baf","article-title":"Efficacy of insulin-sensitizing agents in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"22","author":"Omer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23270","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of rosiglitazone in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of the fatty liver improvement by rosiglitazone therapy (FLIRT 2) extension trial","volume":"51","author":"Ratziu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24179","article-title":"Insulin sensitizers in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"53","author":"Harrison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.10.1180","article-title":"Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"298","author":"Lincoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-2270","article-title":"Rosiglitazone-associated fractures in type 2 diabetes: an analysis from A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT)","volume":"31","author":"Kahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1068","article-title":"Risk of bladder cancer among diabetic patients treated with pioglitazone: interim report of a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010949","article-title":"Pioglitazone for diabetes prevention in impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"364","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr243","first-page":"A532","article-title":"Intensive insulin therapy (Detemir\/Aspart) improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in poorly controlled T2DM patients","volume":"58","author":"Mathew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr244","first-page":"E829","article-title":"Effects of insulin therapy on liver fat content and hepatic insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"292","author":"Juurinen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2007.02.005","article-title":"Effect of insulin-metformin combination on hepatic steatosis in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Lingvay","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21006","article-title":"Exendin-4, a glucagon-like protein-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, reverses hepatic steatosis in ob\/ob mice","volume":"43","author":"Ding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23569","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is present on human hepatocytes and has a direct role in decreasing hepatic steatosis in vitro by modulating elements of the insulin signaling pathway","volume":"51","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25269","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025269","article-title":"GLP-1 analogs reduce hepatocyte steatosis and improve survival by enhancing the unfolded protein response and promoting macroautophagy","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02462.x","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation stimulates hepatic lipid oxidation and restores hepatic signalling alteration induced by a high-fat diet in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"31","author":"Svegliati-Baroni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1185\/030079908X253870","article-title":"Exenatide effects on diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes treated for at least 3 years","volume":"24","author":"Klonoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.363","article-title":"Exenatide in the treatment of diabetic patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a case series","volume":"105","author":"Kenny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2009.01158.x","article-title":"Weight loss with liraglutide, a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue for type 2 diabetes treatment as monotherapy or added to metformin, is primarily as a result of a reduction in fat tissue","volume":"11","author":"Jendle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr253","first-page":"A507","article-title":"Exenatide promotes weight loss and improves insulin secretion, subclinical inflammation, and hepatic steatosis when replaced for pre-meal insulin in T2DM","volume":"58","author":"Mendoza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003_fr254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23719","article-title":"Hepatic lipotoxicity and the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: the central role of nontriglyceride fatty acid metabolites","volume":"52","author":"Neuschwander-Tetri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508512001606?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508512001606?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T14:58:55Z","timestamp":1758034735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0016508512001606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"references-count":252,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0016508512001606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-5085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-5085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Role of Obesity and Lipotoxicity in the Development of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gastroenterology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}