{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:43:04Z","timestamp":1790775784037,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK 63947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK 63947"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK 56924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK 56924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK 84960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK 84960"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","gastrojournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T10:17:19Z","timestamp":1372673839000},"page":"521-536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":362,"title":["Pathogenesis of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Advances in Diagnosis and Management"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"John E.","family":"Eaton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayant A.","family":"Talwalkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos N.","family":"Lazaridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Gores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith D.","family":"Lindor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib1","first-page":"4517","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of autoimmune liver diseases (in Norwegian)","volume":"118","author":"Berdal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tidsskrift Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23678","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in a defined adult population in Sweden","volume":"52","author":"Lindkvist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2003.07.011","article-title":"Incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitis in a United States community","volume":"125","author":"Bambha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01103.x","article-title":"The burden of large and small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis in adults and children: a population-based analysis","volume":"102","author":"Kaplan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24247","article-title":"Incidence of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Molodecky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(94)80240-8","article-title":"Epidemiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis in Spain. Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver","volume":"21","author":"Escorsell","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2002.02835.x","article-title":"Clinical profile of primary sclerosing cholangitis in Singapore","volume":"17","author":"Ang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91096-O","article-title":"Patients with asymptomatic primary sclerosing cholangitis frequently have progressive disease","volume":"98","author":"Porayko","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.4.610","article-title":"Natural history and prognostic factors in 305 Swedish patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"38","author":"Broome","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.4.562","article-title":"Natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis and prognostic value of cholangiography in a Dutch population","volume":"51","author":"Ponsioen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.228924","article-title":"Pregnancy in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"60","author":"Wellge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23294","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"51","author":"Chapman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)70019-T","article-title":"Prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"100","author":"Olsson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.10.011","article-title":"Increased prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis among first-degree relatives","volume":"42","author":"Bergquist","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.4.567","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, appendectomy, and tonsillectomy as risk factors for the development of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case control study","volume":"51","author":"Mitchell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)64614-4","article-title":"A\u00a0revised natural history model for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05585.x","article-title":"Management of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"97","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.12.008","article-title":"Alkaline phosphatase normalization is associated with better prognosis in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"43","author":"Stanich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80061-6","article-title":"Serum autoantibodies in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"32","author":"Angulo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.149.1.6412283","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis: findings on cholangiography and pancreatography","volume":"149","author":"MacCarty","year":"1983","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10091953","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis: meta-analysis of diagnostic performance of MR cholangiopancreatography","volume":"256","author":"Dave","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii","DOI":"10.3310\/hta8100","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and economic evaluation of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography compared with diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography","volume":"8","author":"Kaltenthaler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20287","article-title":"Cost-minimization analysis of MRC versus ERCP for the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"40","author":"Talwalkar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)63652-5","article-title":"Ludwig Symposium on biliary disorders\u2014part II. Pathologic features and evolution of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"73","author":"Scheuer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proc"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07401.x","article-title":"Is there a role for liver biopsy in primary sclerosing cholangitis?","volume":"98","author":"Burak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib26","series-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Contemporary issues in surgical pathology: liver pathology","first-page":"193","author":"Ludwig","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21151","article-title":"Assessment of biliary fibrosis by transient elastography in patients with PBC and PSC","volume":"43","author":"Corpechot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-002-1108-1","article-title":"Autoimmune pancreatitis and multiple bile duct strictures treated effectively with steroid","volume":"38","author":"Kojima","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21685","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G4 associated cholangitis: description of an emerging clinical entity based on review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.12.009","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G4-associated cholangitis: clinical profile and response to therapy","volume":"134","author":"Ghazale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s00534-012-0521-y","article-title":"Clinical diagnostic criteria of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis 2012","volume":"19","author":"Ohara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e3181c9dac6","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with elevated immunoglobulin G4: clinical characteristics and response to therapy","volume":"18","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00772.x","article-title":"Elevated serum IgG4 concentration in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"101","author":"Mendes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181c6c09a","article-title":"IgG4+ plasma cell infiltrates in liver explants with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24487","article-title":"Utility of serum immunoglobulin G4 in distinguishing immunoglobulin G4-associated cholangitis from cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"54","author":"Oseini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2006.01333.x","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation: risk factors for recurrence and de novo disease","volume":"6","author":"Verdonk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e3182802893","article-title":"inflammatory bowel disease in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a robust yet changing relationship","volume":"19","author":"Sinakos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.046615","article-title":"PSC-IBD: a unique form of inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"54","author":"Loftus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22938","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with a distinct phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Boonstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e318196d018","article-title":"Pathologic features of ulcerative colitis in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Joo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21699","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: clinical characterization in liver transplanted and nontransplanted patients","volume":"18","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2002.125367","article-title":"Increased risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Soetikno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.2.234","article-title":"Pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis occurs with increased frequency in patients with associated primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"38","author":"Penna","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90926-1","article-title":"Peristomal varices after proctocolectomy in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"90","author":"Wiesner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.21.10.870","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis: a review of its clinical features, cholangiography, and hepatic histology","volume":"21","author":"Chapman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02575.x","article-title":"Malignancies and mortality in 200 patients with primary sclerosering cholangitis: a long-term single-centre study","volume":"32","author":"Fevery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.235408","article-title":"Does the severity of primary sclerosing cholangitis influence the clinical course of associated ulcerative colitis?","volume":"60","author":"Marelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.01.006","article-title":"Progressive primary sclerosing cholangitis requiring liver transplantation is associated with reduced need for colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"10","author":"Navaneethan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33202","article-title":"Small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis: a long-term follow-up study","volume":"35","author":"Angulo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.042","article-title":"The natural history of small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"134","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.5.731","article-title":"Patients with small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis have a favourable long term prognosis","volume":"51","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03722.x","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndromes: an evaluation of treatment response, long-term outcome and survival","volume":"28","author":"Al-Chalabi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80004-5","article-title":"Overlap of autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis: an evaluation of a modified scoring system","volume":"33","author":"Kaya","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22073","article-title":"Prevalence of sclerosing cholangitis in adults with autoimmune hepatitis: evaluating the role of routine magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"47","author":"Abdalian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05223.x","article-title":"Review article: overlap syndromes and autoimmune liver disease","volume":"36","author":"Trivedi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.09.002","article-title":"Overlap syndromes: the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG) position statement on a controversial issue","volume":"54","author":"Boberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2011.10.009","article-title":"Pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"25","author":"Pollheimer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.1999.530502.x","article-title":"HLA class II haplotypes in primary sclerosing cholangitis patients from five European populations","volume":"53","author":"Spurkland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160217","article-title":"Amino acid substitutions at position 38 of the DR beta polypeptide confer susceptibility to and protection from primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"16","author":"Farrant","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(94)95085-7","article-title":"HLA DR4 is a marker for rapid disease progression in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"106","author":"Mehal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90463-8","article-title":"HLA-DR and HLA-DQ are not markers for rapid disease progression in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"108","author":"Olerup","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.11.046","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"138","author":"Karlsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.728","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis in primary sclerosing cholangitis identifies two non-HLA susceptibility loci","volume":"43","author":"Melum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2616","article-title":"Dense genotyping of immune-related disease regions identifies nine new risk loci for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-933559","article-title":"Etiopathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"26","author":"O'Mahony","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02919752","article-title":"Hepatobiliary injury associated with experimental small-bowel bacterial overgrowth in rats","volume":"10","author":"Lichtman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02365447","article-title":"Small duct cholangitis induced by N-formyl L-methionine L-leucine L-tyrosine in rats","volume":"29","author":"Yamada","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2011.04.014","article-title":"Will we ever model PSC?\u2014\u201cit's hard to be a PSC model!\u201d","volume":"35","author":"Pollheimer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.21.10.851","article-title":"Bacteriological and endotoxin studies in cases of ulcerative colitis submitted to surgery","volume":"21","author":"Palmer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-008-8088-8","article-title":"Atypical p-ANCA in PSC and AIH: a hint toward a \u201cleaky gut\u201d?","volume":"36","author":"Terjung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.157818","article-title":"p-ANCAs in autoimmune liver disorders recognise human beta-tubulin isotype 5 and cross-react with microbial protein FtsZ","volume":"59","author":"Terjung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20457","article-title":"Metronidazole and ursodeoxycholic acid for primary sclerosing cholangitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Farkkila","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.14","article-title":"Minocycline in the treatment of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: results of a pilot study","volume":"104","author":"Silveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G308","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00582.2006","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide disrupts tight junctions in cholangiocyte monolayers by a c-Src-, TLR4-, and LBP-dependent mechanism","volume":"293","author":"Sheth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.014","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide causes an increase in intestinal tight junction permeability in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo by inducing enterocyte membrane expression and localization of TLR-4 and CD14","volume":"182","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.04.009","article-title":"Regurgitation of bile acids from leaky bile ducts causes sclerosing cholangitis in Mdr2 (Abcb4) knockout mice","volume":"127","author":"Fickert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050404","article-title":"Lithocholic acid feeding induces segmental bile duct obstruction and destructive cholangitis in mice","volume":"168","author":"Fickert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02635.x","article-title":"Enhanced innate immune responsiveness and intolerance to intestinal endotoxins in human biliary epithelial cells contributes to chronic cholangitis","volume":"31","author":"Mueller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib79","first-page":"133","article-title":"Tolerance to microbial TLR ligands: molecular mechanisms and relevance to disease","volume":"12","author":"Medvedev","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endotoxin Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26447","article-title":"Increased Th17 response to pathogen stimulation in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","author":"Katt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200601000-00012","article-title":"The role of dominant stenoses in bacterial infections of bile ducts in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"18","author":"Pohl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-009-0154-7","article-title":"The immunobiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"31","author":"Aron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-009-0167-2","article-title":"Lymphocyte recruitment and homing to the liver in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"31","author":"Borchers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.1999.tb00084.x","article-title":"Expression of the mucosal vascular addressin, MAdCAM-1, in inflammatory liver disease","volume":"19","author":"Hillan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24231","article-title":"MAdCAM-1 expressed in chronic inflammatory liver disease supports mucosal lymphocyte adhesion to hepatic endothelium (MAdCAM-1 in chronic inflammatory liver disease)","volume":"33","author":"Grant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07374-9","article-title":"Homing of mucosal lymphocytes to the liver in the pathogenesis of hepatic complications of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"359","author":"Grant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.6.2255","article-title":"Induction and function of vascular adhesion protein-1 at sites of inflammation","volume":"178","author":"Salmi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24085","article-title":"Regulation of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 expression in human and mice by vascular adhesion protein 1 amine oxidase activity","volume":"53","author":"Liaskou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.046","article-title":"Gut homing receptors on\u00a0CD8 T cells are retinoic acid dependent and not maintained by\u00a0liver dendritic or stellate cells","volume":"137","author":"Eksteen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.1.120","article-title":"High frequency of autoantibodies in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis that bind biliary epithelial cells and induce expression of CD44 and production of interleukin 6","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.01.039","article-title":"Biliary epithelial cell antibodies link adaptive and innate immune responses in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"132","author":"Karrar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2511-y","article-title":"Circulating CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in the pathobiology of ulcerative colitis and concurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"58","author":"Kekilli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132710","article-title":"IL-17 and Th17 cells","volume":"27","author":"Korn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-006-0062-9","article-title":"Function and pathophysiological importance of ABCB4 (MDR3 P-glycoprotein)","volume":"453","author":"Oude Elferink","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-960172","article-title":"MDR3 (ABCB4) defects: a paradigm for the genetics of adult cholestatic syndromes","volume":"27","author":"Trauner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80259-1","article-title":"Sclerosing cholangitis in adults with cystic fibrosis: a magnetic resonance cholangiographic prospective study","volume":"30","author":"Durieu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-003-0963-z","article-title":"Increased prevalence of CFTR mutations and variants and decreased chloride secretion in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"113","author":"Sheth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10895","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802702105","article-title":"Death receptor 5 mediated-apoptosis contributes to cholestatic liver disease","volume":"105","author":"Takeda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703063361003","article-title":"Ursodiol for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mayo Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Ursodeoxycholic Acid Study Group","volume":"336","author":"Lindor","year":"1997","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.27965","article-title":"A\u00a0preliminary trial of high-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"121","author":"Mitchell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03777.x","article-title":"High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid as a therapy for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"96","author":"Harnois","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.08.017","article-title":"High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a 5-year multicenter, randomized, controlled study","volume":"129","author":"Olsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23082","article-title":"High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"50","author":"Lindor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04863.x","article-title":"High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid increases risk of adverse outcomes in patients with early stage primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"34","author":"Imam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.156","article-title":"High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid is associated with the development of colorectal neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"106","author":"Eaton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04822.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: ursodeoxycholic acid for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"34","author":"Triantos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.04.009","article-title":"EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases","volume":"51","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181662426","article-title":"A\u00a0double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of infliximab in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"42","author":"Hommes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02407.x","article-title":"Review article: current management of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"21","author":"Cullen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.046","article-title":"Budesonide induces remission more effectively than prednisone in a controlled trial of patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"139","author":"Manns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00251-3","article-title":"Development of dominant bile duct stenoses in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis treated with ursodeoxycholic acid: outcome after endoscopic treatment","volume":"36","author":"Stiehl","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03690.x","article-title":"Balloon dilation compared to stenting of dominant strictures in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"96","author":"Kaya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1830-8","article-title":"Comorbidities, sphincterotomy, and balloon dilation predict post-ERCP adverse events in PSC patients: operator experience is protective","volume":"56","author":"Alkhatib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1325677","article-title":"Risk factors for complications of ERCP in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"44","author":"Ismail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-933565","article-title":"Liver transplantation in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"26","author":"Bjoro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300501","article-title":"Long-term results of patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"30","author":"Graziadei","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000113807.74942.D2","article-title":"Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy is the method of choice for biliary reconstruction in liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"77","author":"Welsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31821694b3","article-title":"Current trends in living donor liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"91","author":"Goldberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23587","article-title":"Risk of waitlist mortality in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and bacterial cholangitis","volume":"19","author":"Goldberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.04.008","article-title":"Efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiation, followed by liver transplantation, for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma at 12 US centers","volume":"143","author":"Darwish Murad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290427","article-title":"Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Graziadei","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i1.1","article-title":"Recurrence and rejection in liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"18","author":"Fosby","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2009.068254","article-title":"Liver allograft pathology: approach to interpretation of needle biopsies with clinicopathological correlation","volume":"63","author":"Adeyi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00288-4","article-title":"Hepatic and extrahepatic malignancies in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"36","author":"Bergquist","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9681-4","article-title":"Incidence, diagnosis, and therapy of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"52","author":"Fevery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib126","first-page":"1404","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: evidence for increased neoplastic potential","volume":"22","author":"Broome","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1080\/003655202760373434","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis: risk factors and clinical presentation","volume":"37","author":"Boberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24570","article-title":"Cancer surveillance in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"54","author":"Razumilava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-2927-8","article-title":"The value of serum CA 19-9 in predicting cholangiocarcinomas in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"50","author":"Levy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.30281.x","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of routine cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of malignant bile duct strictures","volume":"99","author":"Kipp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23277","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of positive fluorescence in situ hybridization tests in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"51","author":"Bangarulingam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.272","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis patients with serial polysomy fluorescence in situ hybridization results are at increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"106","author":"Barr Fritcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.376","article-title":"A\u00a0combination of serum leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1, CA19-9 and interleukin-6 differentiate biliary tract cancer from benign biliary strictures","volume":"105","author":"Sandanayake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24103","article-title":"Bile proteomic profiles differentiate cholangiocarcinoma from primary sclerosing cholangitis and choledocholithiasis","volume":"53","author":"Lankisch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302047","article-title":"Urine proteomic analysis differentiates cholangiocarcinoma from primary sclerosing cholangitis and other benign biliary disorders","volume":"62","author":"Metzger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.150.3.571","article-title":"Gallbladder disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"150","author":"Brandt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05677.x","article-title":"In primary sclerosing cholangitis, gallbladder polyps are frequently malignant","volume":"97","author":"Buckles","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.361","article-title":"Likelihood of malignancy in gallbladder polyps and outcomes following cholecystectomy in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"107","author":"Eaton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e31822bbcc1","article-title":"Increased risk of colorectal cancer and dysplasia in patients with Crohn's colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"54","author":"Lindstrom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.09.020","article-title":"Colon neoplasms develop early in the course of inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"9","author":"Thackeray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-006-0517-2","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma in an ileoanal pouch formed for ulcerative colitis in a patient with primary sclerosing cholangitis and a liver transplant: report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"49","author":"Walker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.179804","article-title":"Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in moderate and high risk groups (update from 2002)","volume":"59","author":"Cairns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.12.035","article-title":"AGA technical review on the diagnosis and management of colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"138","author":"Farraye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.075531","article-title":"Sporadic adenoma in ulcerative colitis: endoscopic resection is an adequate treatment","volume":"55","author":"Vieth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00008","article-title":"Ursodiol use is associated with lower prevalence of colonic neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"134","author":"Tung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50156","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid as a chemopreventive agent in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"124","author":"Pardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02650.x","article-title":"The impact of ursodeoxycholic acid on cancer, dysplasia and mortality in ulcerative colitis patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"22","author":"Wolf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04966.x","article-title":"High dose ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis does not prevent colorectal neoplasia","volume":"35","author":"Lindstrom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2012.685754","article-title":"Colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis undergoing liver transplantation: a Nordic multicenter study","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000011827.87103.2e","article-title":"A\u00a0pilot study of etanercept in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"49","author":"Epstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1203572","article-title":"Ustekinumab induction and maintenance therapy in refractory Crohn's disease","volume":"367","author":"Sandborn","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21896","article-title":"Vedolizumab for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled phase 2 dose-ranging study","volume":"18","author":"Parikh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2011.12.024","article-title":"The many faces of Janus kinase","volume":"83","author":"Seavey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1112168","article-title":"Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in active ulcerative colitis","volume":"367","author":"Sandborn","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4234","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003668","article-title":"Modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by tofacitinib (CP-690,550)","volume":"186","author":"Ghoreschi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib156","first-page":"41","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity and neutrophil reductions mediated by the JAK1\/JAK3 inhibitor, CP-690,550, in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis","volume":"7","author":"Meyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Inflamm"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i48","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.120196","article-title":"Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis: towards molecular targeted therapies","volume":"69","author":"Distler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G907","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00420.2004","article-title":"Imatinib mesylate (STI-571) attenuates liver fibrosis development in rats","volume":"288","author":"Yoshiji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-12-186","article-title":"Imatinib-induced liver cirrhosis in a patient with advanced gastrointestinal stroma tumor (GIST)","volume":"12","author":"Seidel","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2008.07.011","article-title":"Current and future anti-fibrotic therapies for chronic liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Rockey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04756.x","article-title":"Beneficial effects of pentoxifylline on hepatic steatosis, fibrosis and necroinflammation in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"22","author":"Satapathy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02324.x","article-title":"A\u00a0pilot study of pentoxifylline for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"95","author":"Bharucha","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90220-1","article-title":"Colchicine treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"108","author":"Olsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24047","article-title":"Combination of retinoic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid attenuates liver injury in bile duct-ligated rats and human hepatic cells","volume":"53","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32834452c8","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor agonists for primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"27","author":"Lindor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S2210-7401(12)70015-3","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid and bile-acid mimetics as therapeutic agents for cholestatic liver diseases: an overview of their mechanisms of action","volume":"36","author":"Poupon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22891","article-title":"Side chain structure determines unique physiologic and therapeutic properties of norursodeoxycholic acid in Mdr2-\/- mice","volume":"49","author":"Halilbasic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.10.018","article-title":"24-norUrsodeoxycholic acid is superior to ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of sclerosing cholangitis in Mdr2 (Abcb4) knockout mice","volume":"130","author":"Fickert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.10.013","article-title":"Improvement of serum alkaline phosphatase to <1.5 upper limit of normal predicts better outcome and reduced risk of cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"58","author":"Al Mamari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508513009967?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508513009967?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T15:05:04Z","timestamp":1758035104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0016508513009967"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"references-count":169,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0016508513009967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-5085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-5085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pathogenesis of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Advances in Diagnosis and Management","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gastroenterology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}