{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:58:35Z","timestamp":1793149115401,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007370","name":"Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["206453\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206453\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022419","name":"National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022419","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","gastrojournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T21:41:24Z","timestamp":1579902084000},"page":"1597-1610.e7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":232,"title":["Synbiotics Alter Fecal Microbiomes, But Not Liver Fat or Fibrosis, in a Randomized Trial of Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"158","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7547-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Scorletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0553-1578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul R.","family":"Afolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8643-0655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0764-5712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debbie E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Almehmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9784-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albandri","family":"Alshathry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6832-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline E.","family":"Childs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Del Fabbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Bilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen E.","family":"Moyses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6226-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geraldine F.","family":"Clough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4157-0475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaswinder K.","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janisha","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Peebles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5050-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Darekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Aspinall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Fowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna K.","family":"Dowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Nobili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4325-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Targher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie M.","family":"Delzenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3747-3234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laure B.","family":"Bindels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip C.","family":"Calder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6322-7753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.04.001","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology","volume":"142","author":"Chalasani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050774","article-title":"The natural course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"17","author":"Calzadilla Bertot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra011775","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"346","author":"Angulo","year":"2002","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2010.02.012","article-title":"Fatty liver: role of inflammation and fatty acid nutrition","volume":"82","author":"Byrne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4143-0","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and perspectives on US minority populations","volume":"61","author":"Sherif","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.012","article-title":"NAFLD: a multisystem disease","volume":"62","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-313884","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its relationship with cardiovascular disease and other extrahepatic diseases","volume":"66","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1887-4","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum with fructo-oligosaccharides in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"57","author":"Malaguarnera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1458021","article-title":"Efficacy of synbiotic supplementation in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials: synbiotic supplementation and NAFLD","volume":"59","author":"Hadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517000204","article-title":"Synbiotic supplementation in lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"117","author":"Mofidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.068890","article-title":"Synbiotic supplementation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"99","author":"Eslamparast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26093","article-title":"Characterization of gut microbiomes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients: a connection between endogenous alcohol and NASH","volume":"57","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.073","article-title":"Changes in the intestinal microbiome and alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver diseases: causes or effects?","volume":"150","author":"Betrapally","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28356","article-title":"The severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with gut dysbiosis and shift in the metabolic function of the gut microbiota","volume":"63","author":"Boursier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.001","article-title":"Gut microbiome-based metagenomic signature for non-invasive detection of advanced fibrosis in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"25","author":"Loomba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665118002756","article-title":"Contribution of the gut microbiota to the regulation of host metabolism and energy balance: a focus on the gut-liver axis","volume":"78","author":"Delzenne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003363","article-title":"Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits","volume":"104","author":"Roberfroid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib20","series-title":"Joint FAO\/WHO working group report on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.47","article-title":"Towards a more comprehensive concept for prebiotics","volume":"12","author":"Bindels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-022510-133739","article-title":"Synbiotics in health and disease","volume":"2","author":"Kolida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib23","first-page":"1276","article-title":"Daily consumption of synbiotic yogurt decreases liver steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"148","author":"Bakhshimoghaddam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2018.05.010","article-title":"Design and rationale of the INSYTE study: a randomised, placebo controlled study to test the efficacy of a synbiotic on liver fat, disease biomarkers and intestinal microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"71","author":"Scorletti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.06.001","article-title":"Inulin-type fructans modulate intestinal Bifidobacterium species populations and decrease fecal short-chain fatty acids in obese women","volume":"34","author":"Salazar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30569-5","article-title":"Klebsiella oxytoca expands in cancer cachexia and acts as a gut pathobiont contributing to intestinal dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"P\u00f6tgens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/afa5c40d-c604-46ae-84c4-82cb92193a5e","article-title":"A\u00a0filtering method to generate high quality short reads using Illumina paired-end technology","volume":"8","author":"Eren","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604","article-title":"UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D633","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1244","article-title":"Ribosomal Database Project: data and tools for high throughput rRNA analysis","volume":"42","author":"Cole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib31","series-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-217X-2-16","article-title":"EMPeror: a tool for visualizing high-throughput microbial community data","volume":"2","author":"V\u00e1zquez-Baeza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.1399","article-title":"Intestinal permeability and its association with the patient and disease characteristics in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Benjamin","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000129060.46654.e0","article-title":"A\u00a0study of intestinal permeability in relation to the inflammatory response and plasma endocab IgM levels in patients with acute pancreatitis","volume":"38","author":"Penalva","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2013-0468","article-title":"Comparison of an enzymatic assay with liquid chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection for the determination of lactulose and mannitol in urine of healthy subjects and patients with active celiac disease","volume":"52","author":"Linsalata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0184-8","article-title":"Lactulose\/mannitol test and specificity, sensitivity, and area under curve of intestinal permeability parameters in patients with liver cirrhosis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"53","author":"Dastych","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-30","article-title":"The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"McCarney","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2014.0014","article-title":"Potential probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 420 prevents weight gain and glucose intolerance in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"5","author":"Stenman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.01.014","article-title":"Bifidobacteria supplementation: effects on plasma lipid profiles in dyslipidemic children","volume":"30","author":"Guardamagna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43522","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43522","article-title":"A\u00a0proliferative probiotic Bifidobacterium strain in the gut ameliorates progression of metabolic disorders via microbiota modulation and acetate elevation","volume":"7","author":"Aoki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303304","article-title":"Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women","volume":"62","author":"Dewulf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508019880","article-title":"Effect of inulin on the human gut microbiota: stimulation of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii","volume":"101","author":"Ramirez-Farias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804812105","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients","volume":"105","author":"Sokol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19753-9","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with dysbiosis independent of body mass index and insulin resistance","volume":"8","author":"Da Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib45","first-page":"2229","article-title":"Markers of activated inflammatory cells are associated with disease severity and intestinal microbiota in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Schwenger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500899","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500899","article-title":"Rhubarb extract prevents hepatic inflammation induced by acute alcohol intake, an effect related to the modulation of the gut microbiota","volume":"61","author":"Neyrinck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.03.007","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 protects from inflammation and tumorigenesis associated with gut microbiota alterations","volume":"19","author":"Moschen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.02.015","article-title":"Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Raman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.09.053","article-title":"Human genetics shape the gut microbiome","volume":"159","author":"Goodrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz001","article-title":"Effects of a diet based on inulin-rich vegetables on gut health and nutritional behavior in healthy humans","volume":"109","author":"Hiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-008-9135-7","article-title":"Resistance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions and adhesion to mucus as probiotic criteria for Bifidobacterium longum strains","volume":"56","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.07.005","article-title":"Gut microbiome and liver disease","volume":"179","author":"Betrapally","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6150","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.10.6150-6158.2005","article-title":"Fermentation of fructooligosaccharides and inulin by bifidobacteria: a comparative study of pure and fecal cultures","volume":"71","author":"Rossi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108776","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro effects of Bifidobacterium lactis-based synbiotics on human faecal bacteria","volume":"128","author":"Henrique-Bana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.42902","article-title":"The effect of synbiotic supplementation on body composition and lipid profile in patients with NAFLD: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial study","volume":"19","author":"Asgharian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000919","article-title":"Effects of synbiotic supplementation on insulin resistance in subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"112","author":"Eslamparast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib57","first-page":"698","article-title":"Treatment efficacy of a probiotic preparation for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot trial","volume":"18","author":"Manzhalii","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31364-X","article-title":"Treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with probiotics. A proof-of-concept study","volume":"12","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42059-3","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a multispecies probiotic mixture in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"9","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46017","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.46017","article-title":"The effect of probiotic and\/or prebiotic on liver function tests in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a double blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Javadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib61","first-page":"278","article-title":"Effects of symbiotic and vitamin E supplementation on blood pressure, nitric oxide and inflammatory factors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"16","author":"Ekhlasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8070397","article-title":"Beneficial effect of synbiotic supplementation on hepatic steatosis and anthropometric parameters, but not on gut permeability in a population with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"8","author":"Ferolla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.63","article-title":"Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men","volume":"8","author":"Salonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.118","article-title":"Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600622","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600622","article-title":"A\u00a0synbiotic composed of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 and FOS prevents the development of fatty acid liver and glycemic alterations in rats fed a high fructose diet associated with changes in the microbiota","volume":"61","author":"Rivero-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.04.008","article-title":"Effect of fructo-oligosaccharides and different doses of Bifidobacterium animalis in a weaning diet on bacterial translocation and Toll-like receptor gene expression in pigs","volume":"24","author":"Trevisi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0009-6","article-title":"Triggering and resolution of inflammation in NASH","volume":"15","author":"Schuster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20825","article-title":"Hepatic lipid accumulation in healthy subjects: a comparative study using spectral fat-selective MRI and volume-localized 1H-MR spectroscopy","volume":"55","author":"Machann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21496","article-title":"The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD","volume":"45","author":"Angulo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21984","article-title":"Noninvasive markers of fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: validating the European Liver Fibrosis panel and exploring simple markers","volume":"47","author":"Guha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0406-6","article-title":"Meta-analysis of fecal metagenomes reveals global microbial signatures that are specific for colorectal cancer","volume":"25","author":"Wirbel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0164-x","article-title":"Regional variation limits applications of healthy gut microbiome reference ranges and disease models","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508520301244?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508520301244?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:46:35Z","timestamp":1762163195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0016508520301244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0016508520301244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-5085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-5085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Synbiotics Alter Fecal Microbiomes, But Not Liver Fat or Fibrosis, in a Randomized Trial of Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gastroenterology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 by the AGA Institute","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}