{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:26:52Z","timestamp":1790958412381,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","gastrojournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T07:07:33Z","timestamp":1619161653000},"page":"476-486.e3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Nonfood Prebiotic, Probiotic, and Synbiotic Use Has Increased in US Adults and Children From 1999 to 2018"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime J.","family":"Gahche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten A.","family":"Herrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy D.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Potischman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4789-0675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley J.","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in the use of complementary health approaches among adults: United States, 2002\u20132012","volume":"79","author":"Clarke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Report"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib3","author":"Ahuja"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib4","series-title":"Functional dairy probiotic food development: trends, concepts, and products","author":"Homayouni","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib5","first-page":"1401","article-title":"Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics","volume":"125","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.09.028","article-title":"Prebiotics and probiotics in digestive health","volume":"17","author":"Quigley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0344-2","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics","volume":"17","author":"Swanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091021","article-title":"Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health","volume":"9","author":"Markowiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib12","first-page":"163","article-title":"Beneficial effects of probiotics and prebiotics on human health","volume":"60","author":"Vijaya Kumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R79","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-9-r79","article-title":"Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14539","article-title":"Systematic review: probiotics in the management of lower gastrointestinal symptoms - an updated evidence-based international consensus","volume":"47","author":"Hungin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.07.025","article-title":"Spotlight: probiotics guidelines","volume":"159","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0300-5","article-title":"Alterations in fecal microbiota composition by probiotic supplementation in healthy adults: a systematic review of\u00a0randomized controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Kristensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.02.009","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics and colorectal cancer prevention","volume":"30","author":"Ambalam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.23.2.178","article-title":"Interpretation of genetic risk feedback among African American smokers with low socioeconomic status","volume":"23","author":"Lipkus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.09.005","article-title":"Challenges to the therapeutic pipeline for irritable bowel syndrome: end points and regulatory hurdles","volume":"135","author":"Camilleri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl 3 Pt 2","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S156","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31817f184e","article-title":"FAO technical meeting on prebiotics","volume":"42","author":"Pineiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Safety of probiotics to reduce risk and prevent or treat disease","volume":"200","author":"Hempel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep)"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.059","article-title":"AGA clinical practice guidelines on the role of probiotics in the management of gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"159","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib39","author":"Parker"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.1008","article-title":"Prevalence of dietary supplement use in US children and adolescents, 2003-2014","volume":"172","author":"Qato","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.14403","article-title":"Trends in dietary supplement use among US adults from 1999-2012","volume":"316","author":"Kantor","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2004.11.002","article-title":"Increasing trends in elderly persons\u2019 use of nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary supplements and concurrent use of medications","volume":"105","author":"Wold","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib44","first-page":"1968","article-title":"Dietary supplement use was very high among older adults in the United States in 2011\u20132014","volume":"147","author":"Gahche","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib45","first-page":"261","article-title":"Dietary supplement use in the United States, 2003\u20132006","volume":"141","author":"Bailey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib46","first-page":"65","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors and women\u2019s use of complementary and alternative medicine in four racial\/ethnic groups","volume":"18","author":"Chao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dietary supplement use among U.S. adults has increased since NHANES III (1988-1994)","volume":"61","author":"Gahche","year":"2011","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib48","first-page":"170","article-title":"Probiotics for gastrointestinal conditions: a summary of the evidence","volume":"96","author":"Wilkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.12.001","article-title":"Prevalence of probiotic use among inpatients: a descriptive study of 145 U.S. hospitals","volume":"44","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv319","article-title":"Trends in the use of prescription antibiotics: NHANES 1999\u20132012","volume":"71","author":"Frenk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.5690","article-title":"Trends in prescription medication use among children and adolescents\u2014United States, 1999-2014","volume":"319","author":"Hales","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.10.036","article-title":"Use of treatments for irritable bowel syndrome and patient satisfaction based on the IBS in America survey","volume":"158","author":"Rangan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-5","article-title":"An analysis of online messages about probiotics","volume":"13","author":"Brinich","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib55","first-page":"58","article-title":"Health effects of probiotics and prebiotics: a literature review on human studies","volume":"45","author":"Andersson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.060","article-title":"AGA technical review on the role of probiotics in the management of gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"159","author":"Preidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.126573.111","article-title":"Genomic analysis identifies association of Fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Kostic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041417","article-title":"Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits","volume":"5","author":"Slavin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0135-9","article-title":"A\u00a0review of probiotic supplementation in healthy adults: helpful or hype?","volume":"73","author":"Khalesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.11.015","article-title":"A\u00a0novel fiber composite ingredient incorporated into a beverage and bar blunts postprandial serum glucose and insulin responses: a\u00a0randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.121","article-title":"Chitin-glucan fiber effects on oxidized low-density lipoprotein: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Bays","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037_bib64","first-page":"1436S","article-title":"Federal monitoring of dietary supplement use in the resident, civilian, noninstitutionalized US population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"148","author":"Gahche","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508521006612?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508521006612?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:49:04Z","timestamp":1762163344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0016508521006612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0016508521006612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-5085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-5085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Nonfood Prebiotic, Probiotic, and Synbiotic Use Has Increased in US Adults and Children From 1999 to 2018","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gastroenterology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.037","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 by the AGA Institute","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}