{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T01:18:21Z","timestamp":1793755101220,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","gastrojournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T09:08:03Z","timestamp":1778836083000},"page":"184-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["AGA Clinical Practice Update on Management of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Expert Review"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"171","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7619-8338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahil","family":"Khanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Allegretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana G.","family":"Hashash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Feuerstadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051590","article-title":"An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile","volume":"353","author":"McDonald","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.10.024","article-title":"Management of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease: expert review from the clinical practice updates committee of the AGA Institute","volume":"15","author":"Khanna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01780.x","article-title":"A national survey of the prevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"103","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.044","article-title":"Higher incidence of Clostridium difficile infection among individuals with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"153","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac165","article-title":"Prevalence of Clostridioides difficile Infection after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in patients with chronic antibiotic-dependent pouchitis and Crohn's-like disease of the pouch","volume":"29","author":"Shore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2011.02.002","article-title":"Clostridium difficile enteritis: a review and pooled analysis of the cases","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz409","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz409","article-title":"Clostridioides difficile enteritis in patients following total colectomy-a rare but genuine clinical entity","volume":"6","author":"Ulrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093143","article-title":"Bile acid-gut microbiota axis in inflammatory bowel disease: from bench to bedside","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.4","article-title":"The vexed relationship between Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease: an assessment of carriage in an outpatient setting among patients in remission","volume":"104","author":"Clayton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00021-17","article-title":"Understanding Clostridium difficile colonization","volume":"31","author":"Crobach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000739","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"37","author":"Dalal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.03.010","article-title":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: update of the diagnostic guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"22","author":"Crobach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab052","article-title":"ECCO guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and management of infections in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Kucharzik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001278","article-title":"ACG clinical guidelines: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections","volume":"116","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05839.x","article-title":"Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease","volume":"97","author":"McFarland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib16","article-title":"Fidaxomicin for Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Noviello","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky368","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety of fidaxomicin in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile infection: an open-label phase IIIb\/IV study (PROFILE)","volume":"73","author":"Hogenauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30751-X","article-title":"Extended-pulsed fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection in patients 60 years and older (EXTEND): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3b\/4 trial","volume":"18","author":"Guery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir404","article-title":"Efficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin as therapy for Clostridium difficile infection in individuals taking concomitant antibiotics for other concurrent infections","volume":"53","author":"Mullane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0910812","article-title":"Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"364","author":"Louie","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab718","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA): 2021 focused update guidelines on management of Clostridioides difficile infection in adults","volume":"73","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000460","article-title":"Long-duration oral vancomycin to treat Clostridioides difficile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with a low rate of recurrence","volume":"114","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001185","article-title":"Clostridium difficile co-infection in inflammatory bowel disease is associated with significantly increased in-hospital mortality","volume":"30","author":"Rezapour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy143","article-title":"Risk factors associated with Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Balram","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001733","article-title":"Risk of gastrointestinal infections after initiating vedolizumab and anti-TNFalpha agents for ulcerative colitis","volume":"57","author":"Dalal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2025.08.039","article-title":"AGA clinical practice update on inpatient management of adults with inflammatory bowel disease: expert review","volume":"170","author":"Cohen-Mekelburg","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000958","article-title":"Toward an algorithm for the diagnosis and management of CMV in patients with colitis","volume":"22","author":"Beswick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.12.028","article-title":"Impact of Clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"5","author":"Issa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1086\/596711","article-title":"Antimotility agents for the treatment of Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis","volume":"48","author":"Koo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/36.4.673","article-title":"Diarrhoea caused by Clostridium difficile: response time for treatment with metronidazole and vancomycin","volume":"36","author":"Wilcox","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.187","article-title":"Recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: the RECIDIVISM study","volume":"111","author":"Razik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602615","article-title":"Bezlotoxumab and recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection","volume":"376","author":"Wilcox","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848231174293","article-title":"Resolution rates in clinical trials for microbiota restoration for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Tariq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.05.004","article-title":"The progression of microbiome therapeutics for the management of gastrointestinal diseases and beyond","volume":"167","author":"Allegretti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.70002","article-title":"Impact of Clostridioides difficile Infection on clinical outcomes in hospitalized IBD patients and the role of fecal microbiota transplantation: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Le","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.07.045","article-title":"Outcomes of fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"159","author":"Allegretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa283","article-title":"Inflammatory fowel disease outcomes following fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent C. difficile infection","volume":"27","author":"Allegretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2106516","article-title":"SER-109, an oral microbiome therapy for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"386","author":"Feuerstadt","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01797-x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of RBX2660 in PUNCH CD3, a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a Bayesian primary analysis for the prevention of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"82","author":"Khanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib40","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of fecal microbiota, live-jslm (REBYOTA\u00ae) administered by colonoscopy for prevention of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection: 8-week results from CDI-SCOPE, a single-arm, phase IIIb trial","volume":"18","author":"Khanna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.01.008","article-title":"AGA clinical practice guideline on fecal microbiota-based therapies for select gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"166","author":"Peery","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae437","article-title":"PUNCH CD3-OLS: a phase 3 prospective observational cohort study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota, live-jslm (REBYOTA) in adults with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"80","author":"Feuerstadt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae291","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota, live-jslm (REBYOTA(R)), for the prevention of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection in participants with inflammatory bowel disease in PUNCH CD3-OLS","volume":"31","author":"Allegretti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.059","article-title":"AGA clinical practice guidelines on the role of probiotics in the management of gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"159","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284821994046","article-title":"Efficacy of oral vancomycin prophylaxis for prevention of Clostridioides difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Tariq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.17834","article-title":"Oral vancomycin for prevention of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Keating","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508526002453?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508526002453?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:30:59Z","timestamp":1784824259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0016508526002453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0016508526002453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-5085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-5085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"AGA Clinical Practice Update on Management of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Expert Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gastroenterology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.03.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Gastroenterological Association Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}