{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:48:39Z","timestamp":1791607719080,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","gastrojournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:59:00Z","timestamp":1790319540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global Burden of Liver Disease: 2026 Update"],"prefix":"10.1053","author":[{"given":"Harshad","family":"Devarbhavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumeet K.","family":"Asrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Arab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Pose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne A.","family":"Nartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick S.","family":"Kamath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01917-8","article-title":"Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023","volume":"406","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01701-3","article-title":"The EASL-Lancet Liver Commission: protecting the next generation of Europeans against liver disease complications and premature mortality","volume":"399","author":"Karlsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00907-2","article-title":"Screening for liver fibrosis: lessons from colorectal and lung cancer screening","volume":"21","author":"Thiele","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32163","article-title":"Population screening for liver fibrosis: toward early diagnosis and intervention for chronic liver diseases","volume":"75","author":"Gines","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(26)00354-5","article-title":"Prevalence of liver fibrosis in the general population (the LiverScreen project): a multinational European cohort study","volume":"407","author":"Graupera","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.002","article-title":"Using the ELF test, FIB-4 and NAFLD fibrosis score to screen the population for liver disease","volume":"79","author":"Kjaergaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01374-X","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis","volume":"398","author":"Gines","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","article-title":"The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.11.028","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related liver disease (MetALD): position statement by an expert panel on alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"82","author":"Arab","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04264-5","article-title":"Global burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases caused by specific etiologies from 1990 to 2021","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70155","article-title":"Global burden of chronic liver disease and temporal trends: a population-based analysis from 1990 to 2021 with projections to 2050","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70058","article-title":"Global burden of major chronic liver diseases in 2021","volume":"45","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000882","article-title":"The global economic burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases: a health-augmented macroeconomic modeling study","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.1997","article-title":"Trends in the burden of chronic liver disease among hospitalized US adults","volume":"3","author":"Hirode","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0734","article-title":"US health care spending by payer and health condition, 1996-2016","volume":"323","author":"Dieleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002405","article-title":"The rising costs of alcohol-associated liver disease in the United States","volume":"119","author":"Julien","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.02.007","article-title":"Current status and future trends of the global burden of MASLD","volume":"35","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001206","article-title":"Comparing the cost of cirrhosis to other common chronic diseases: a longitudinal study in a large national insurance database","volume":"82","author":"Obradovic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.05.032","article-title":"Increasing health care burden of chronic liver disease compared with other chronic diseases, 2004-2013","volume":"155","author":"Asrani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0835","article-title":"Global epidemiology of alcohol-related liver disease, liver cancer, and alcohol use disorder, 2000-2021","volume":"31","author":"Danpanichkul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib25","series-title":"Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18101","article-title":"Global epidemiology of alcohol-associated liver disease in adolescents and young adults","volume":"60","author":"Danpanichkul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.11.006","article-title":"Association between public health policies on alcohol and worldwide cancer, liver disease and cardiovascular disease outcomes","volume":"80","author":"Diaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15933","article-title":"Changing landscape of alcohol-associated liver disease in younger individuals, women, and ethnic minorities","volume":"44","author":"Arab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.14857","article-title":"Alcohol-associated liver disease mortality","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00688-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of alcohol-associated cirrhosis and HCC: trends, projections and risk factors","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.06.036","article-title":"Low-to-moderate alcohol consumption is associated with increased fibrosis in individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"81","author":"Marti-Aguado","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib32","article-title":"Impact of alcohol use on liver disease outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Desalegn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002572","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: alcohol-associated liver disease","volume":"119","author":"Jophlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.01.014","article-title":"Clinical profiles and mortality rates are similar for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"80","author":"Younossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.11.007","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease gets renamed as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: progress but with challenges","volume":"166","author":"Allen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib36","article-title":"Global burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, 2010 to 2021","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgstr.2025.1506032","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Sindato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03602-0","article-title":"Immune and metabolic effects of African heritage diets versus Western diets in men: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Temba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.122.265328","article-title":"Evaluation of collimators in a high-resolution, whole-body SPECT\/CT device with a dual-head cadmium-zinc-telluride detector for (123)I-FP-CIT SPECT","volume":"51","author":"Hiraki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nucl Med Technol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2021.109847","article-title":"One-pot production of maltoheptaose (DP7) from starch by sequential addition of cyclodextrin glucotransferase and cyclomaltodextrinase","volume":"149","author":"Abdalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb Technol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.54707","article-title":"Estimated burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in US adults, 2020 to 2050","volume":"8","author":"Le","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520","article-title":"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"78","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.11.003","article-title":"Prevalence of steatotic liver disease (MASLD, MetALD, and ALD) in the United States: NHANES 2017-2020","volume":"22","author":"Kalligeros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib44","article-title":"Prevalence of MASLD, Met-ALD, and ALD and associated fibrosis among US adults: insights from NHANES 2017 to 2023","volume":"28","author":"Paik","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000604","article-title":"National prevalence estimates for steatotic liver disease and subclassifications using consensus nomenclature","volume":"79","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(25)00187-6","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanol and self-reported alcohol intake to subclassify individuals at risk of steatotic liver disease: an analysis of data from a prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Torp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.05.030","article-title":"Clinical utility of phosphatidylethanol to detect underreported alcohol use and enhance steatotic liver disease subclassification","volume":"83","author":"Tavaglione","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib48","series-title":"Global hepatitis report 2024: action for access in low- and middle-income countries","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib49","series-title":"Global hepatitis report 2026","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000201","article-title":"Drug-induced acute-on-chronic liver failure in Asian patients","volume":"114","author":"Devarbhavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00197-8","article-title":"Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study","volume":"8","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib53","article-title":"Global HBV disease burden and current care gaps","volume":"23","author":"Razavi-Shearer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib54","article-title":"HBV\/HIV coinfection: impact on the development and clinical treatment of liver diseases","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.008","article-title":"The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Stockdale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(25)00403-6","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of hepatitis D virus, human cytomegalovirus, and Merkel cell polyomavirus","volume":"26","author":"Karagas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e992","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30298-X","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Stockdale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib59","article-title":"Hepatitis D epidemiology and access to diagnostic testing among healthcare providers in Africa: a multi-country survey","volume":"7","author":"Buti","year":"2025","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000918","article-title":"Hepatitis E virus: has anything changed?","volume":"39","author":"Willauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.04.035","article-title":"Global burden of acute viral hepatitis and its association with socioeconomic development status, 1990-2019","volume":"75","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2805.212546","article-title":"Viral hepatitis E outbreaks in refugees and internally displaced populations, sub-Saharan Africa, 2010-2020","volume":"28","author":"Desai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31138","article-title":"Transmission of rat hepatitis E virus infection to humans in Hong Kong: a clinical and epidemiological analysis","volume":"73","author":"Sridhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v14.i3.107905","article-title":"Non hepatotropic virus induced hepatitis - rising importance in a changing world","volume":"14","author":"Ray","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Virol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2025005","article-title":"The impact of schistosomiasis on the Global Disease Burden: a systematic analysis based on the 2021 Global Burden of Disease study","volume":"32","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102855","article-title":"Prevalence of human Schistosoma mansoni infection in endemic regions (2010\u20132024): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Tavakoli Pirzaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261166","article-title":"Human fascioliasis in Africa: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Dermauw","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.017","article-title":"Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update","volume":"79","author":"Devarbhavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102280","article-title":"Global incidence and prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis, 1970-2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Hahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001341","article-title":"Epidemiological and economical burden of cholestatic liver disease","volume":"82","author":"Mol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.03.025","article-title":"Global epidemiology of primary biliary cholangitis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Tan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01303-5","article-title":"Primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"404","author":"Tanaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad276","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"30","author":"Cooper","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322479","article-title":"The epidemiological trends and projected future of primary sclerosing cholangitis by 2040: an updated meta-analysis and modeling study","volume":"20","author":"Olfatifar","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02072-z","article-title":"Liver diseases: epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions","volume":"10","author":"Gan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41436-018-0309-9","article-title":"The global prevalence of Wilson disease from next-generation sequencing data","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-020-02161-3","article-title":"ATP7B variant penetrance explains differences between genetic and clinical prevalence estimates for Wilson disease","volume":"139","author":"Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30911","article-title":"The prevalence of Wilson's disease: an update","volume":"71","author":"Sandahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2015.1051492","article-title":"Geographic distribution of ATP7B mutations in Wilson disease","volume":"43","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041534","article-title":"Hemochromatosis and iron-overload screening in a racially diverse population","volume":"352","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.17.2216","article-title":"Prevalence of C282Y and H63D mutations in the hemochromatosis (HFE) gene in the United States","volume":"285","author":"Steinberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.10.041","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hemochromatosis","volume":"23","author":"Adams","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.34857","article-title":"Incidence of drug-induced hepatic injuries: a French population-based study","volume":"36","author":"Sgro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.006","article-title":"Incidence, presentation, and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland","volume":"144","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.138","article-title":"A prospective nationwide study of drug-induced liver injury in Korea","volume":"107","author":"Suk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.02.002","article-title":"Incidence and etiology of drug-induced liver injury in mainland China","volume":"156","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70138","article-title":"Natural history of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury and prognostic models","volume":"45","author":"Devarbhavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.26246","article-title":"Eight-fold increase in dietary supplement\u2013related liver failure leading to transplant waitlisting over the last quarter century in the United States","volume":"28","author":"Ghabril","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2020.11.002","article-title":"The Indian Network of Drug-Induced Liver Injury: etiology, clinical features, outcome and prognostic markers in 1288 patients","volume":"11","author":"Devarbhavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.03.006","article-title":"Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: the DILIN prospective study","volume":"148","author":"Chalasani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.01.029","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis and insights gained from long-term experience of the Spanish DILI Registry","volume":"75","author":"Stephens","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000518","article-title":"Genetic variants associated with immune-mediated liver injury from checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Fontana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib93","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors and outcomes of checkpoint inhibitor-induced liver injury: a 10-year real-world retrospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Atallah","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.10.040","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of immunotherapy-related liver injury in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma versus other advanced solid tumours","volume":"80","author":"Celsa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01388.x","article-title":"Population-based surveillance for acute liver failure","volume":"102","author":"Bower","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17302-2","article-title":"The burden of HEV-related acute liver failure in Bangladesh, China and India: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00142-5","article-title":"Acute liver failure in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"8","author":"Vento","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.26260","article-title":"Liver transplantation for acute liver injury in Asians is more likely due to herbal and dietary supplements","volume":"28","author":"Kesar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001243","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of cirrhosis and portal hypertension in the United States","volume":"82","author":"Younossi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30349-8","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001909","article-title":"Comorbid chronic diseases and survival in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis: a population-based study","volume":"117","author":"Asrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2021.100565","article-title":"Extrahepatic causes of death in cirrhosis compared to other chronic conditions in the United States, 1999-2017","volume":"26","author":"Shankar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.10.020","article-title":"Clinical states of cirrhosis and competing risks","volume":"68","author":"D'Amico","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.191","article-title":"Causes of death in people with liver cirrhosis in England compared with the general population: a population-based cohort study","volume":"110","author":"Ratib","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12721","article-title":"Competing risks and prognostic stages of cirrhosis: a 25-year inception cohort study of 494 patients","volume":"39","author":"D'Amico","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04473.x","article-title":"The rate of decompensation and clinical progression of disease in people with cirrhosis: a cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Fleming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60383-9","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis","volume":"371","author":"Schuppan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000003354","article-title":"Inequalities in developing cirrhosis complications over time: a cohort study","volume":"120","author":"Cholankeril","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-025-01109-5","article-title":"Global burden of liver cirrhosis: trends from 1990-2021 and projections to 2060","volume":"44","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e551","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00131-2","article-title":"The burden of cirrhosis mortality by county, race, and ethnicity in the USA, 2000-19: a systematic analysis of health disparities","volume":"9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00098-5","article-title":"Global disparities in mortality and liver transplantation in hospitalised patients with cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study for the CLEARED Consortium","volume":"8","author":"Bajaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044456","article-title":"Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"353","author":"Groszmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00420-8","article-title":"Incidence and natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients","volume":"38","author":"Merli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.08.007","article-title":"Natural history of patients hospitalized for management of cirrhotic ascites","volume":"4","author":"Planas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.04.036","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"20","author":"Louissaint","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23500","article-title":"Clinical course of alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a Danish population-based cohort study","volume":"51","author":"Jepsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib117","article-title":"Hepatorenal syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"370","author":"Simonetto","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.10.016","article-title":"Renal failure and cirrhosis: a systematic review of mortality and prognosis","volume":"56","author":"Fede","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(25)00006-8","article-title":"Global epidemiology of acute kidney injury in hospitalised patients with decompensated cirrhosis: the International Club of Ascites GLOBAL AKI prospective, multicentre, cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Patidar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2024.2380299","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of acute kidney injury in cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 5,202,232 outpatients, inpatients, and ICU-admitted patients","volume":"18","author":"Lekakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00224-3","article-title":"Global prevalence and characteristics of infections and clinical outcomes in hospitalised patients with cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study for the CLEARED Consortium","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2021808","article-title":"The evolving challenge of infections in cirrhosis","volume":"384","author":"Bajaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000003641.07","article-title":"Considerations in the diagnoses and management of hepatic disease in older adults","volume":"120","author":"Brown","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2023.102780","article-title":"The association between metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Agustanti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.047","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure: a distinct clinical syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Moreau","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1583201","article-title":"Epidemiology and healthcare burden of acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"36","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000671","article-title":"AASLD practice guidance on acute-on-chronic liver failure and the management of critically ill patients with cirrhosis","volume":"79","author":"Karvellas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2025.05.026","article-title":"Defining organ failures in patients with cirrhosis: consensus statements","volume":"169","author":"Bajaj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322161","article-title":"Global burden of disease: acute-on-chronic liver failure, a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Mezzano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28812","article-title":"Time trends in the health care burden and mortality of acute on chronic liver failure in the United States","volume":"64","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01042-6","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on addressing the global hepatocellular carcinoma burden: comprehensive strategies from prevention to treatment","volume":"406","author":"Chan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.10.031","article-title":"Liver cancer in 2021: Global Burden of Disease study","volume":"82","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17120","article-title":"Universal HBV vaccination dramatically reduces the prevalence of HBV infection and incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"56","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199706263362602","article-title":"Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group","volume":"336","author":"Chang","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.06.057","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma risk declines but remains high enough for screening in the first 7 years after hepatitis C virus cure with direct-acting antivirals in patients with cirrhosis or high fibrosis-4 score","volume":"163","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.01.001","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: an emphasis on demographic and regional variability","volume":"19","author":"McGlynn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1159\/000484619","article-title":"Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in japan as a world-leading model","volume":"7","author":"Kudo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib138","series-title":"GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0","article-title":"Incidence\/mortality data","author":"Ferlay","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090859","article-title":"Protective interventions to prevent aflatoxin-induced carcinogenesis in developing countries","volume":"29","author":"Groopman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2016.06.006","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and impact of vaccination on disease","volume":"20","author":"Nelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27048","article-title":"Incomplete hepatitis B immunization, maternal carrier status, and increased risk of liver diseases: a 20-year cohort study of 3.8 million vaccinees","volume":"60","author":"Chien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26301","article-title":"Entecavir treatment reduces hepatic events and deaths in chronic hepatitis B patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"58","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.09.062","article-title":"Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus infection and development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a US population","volume":"12","author":"Gordon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw219","article-title":"The impact of the revolution in hepatitis C treatment on hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Wirth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.06.026","article-title":"Global prevalence, clinical characteristics, surveillance, treatment allocation, and outcomes of alcohol-associated hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00153-7","article-title":"Biliary tract cancer","volume":"397","author":"Valle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32771","article-title":"AASLD practice guidance on primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"77","author":"Bowlus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyac150","article-title":"Temporal changes in cholangiocarcinoma incidence and mortality in the United States from 2001 to 2017","volume":"27","author":"Javle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.03.013","article-title":"Global trends in mortality from intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"71","author":"Bertuccio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000001258","article-title":"Demographic and regional trends in mortality related to cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: 1999 to 2020","volume":"49","author":"Jamil","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.04.005","article-title":"Liver transplantation 2023: status report, current and future challenges","volume":"21","author":"Terrault","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16978","article-title":"OPTN\/SRTR 2020 annual data report: liver","volume":"22","author":"Kwong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1915","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the most common indication for liver transplantation among the elderly: data from the United States Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients","volume":"6","author":"Stepanova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.04.011","article-title":"Outcomes of liver transplantation for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a European Liver Transplant Registry study","volume":"71","author":"Haldar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.194","article-title":"Why does living donor liver transplantation flourish in Asia?","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e447","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00506-0","article-title":"Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus in the WHO African region: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Riches","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib157","series-title":"Hepatitis B vaccination coverage","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70001","article-title":"The global burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases in 2021","volume":"45","author":"Tham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib159","series-title":"GBD compare","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib160","series-title":"in 2022. Liver and intrahepatic bile ducts","article-title":"Mortality, both sexes,","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib161","series-title":"in 2022. Liver and intrahepatic bile ducts","article-title":"Cancer today. Incidence, both sexes,","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib162","series-title":"Cancer today. Mortality, both sexes","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000413","article-title":"Pragmatic strategies to address health disparities along the continuum of care in chronic liver disease","volume":"8","author":"Brahmania","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-01003-1","article-title":"Health disparities in cirrhosis care and liver transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Goldberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508526072689?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016508526072689?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T03:54:10Z","timestamp":1791604450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0016508526072689"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":160,"alternative-id":["S0016508526072689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-5085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-5085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Global Burden of Liver Disease: 2026 Update","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gastroenterology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.09.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Gastroenterological Association Institute.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}