{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:13:21Z","timestamp":1785226401065,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jfas.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]],"date-time":"2017-05-02T04:32:00Z","timestamp":1493699520000},"page":"457-462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Risk Factors Associated With Nonunion After Elective Foot and Ankle Reconstruction: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Kyle R.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl R.","family":"Saltrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Catanzariti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(99)80003-9","article-title":"The modified Lapidus arthrodesis: a retrospective analysis","volume":"38","author":"Catanzariti","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Ankle arthrodesis using internal screw fixation","volume":"268","author":"Holt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2009.02.006","article-title":"The effect of hindfoot realignment in triple arthrodesis","volume":"48","author":"Child","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2013.01.008","article-title":"Surgical approach for combined ankle and subtalar joint chronic mechanical instability","volume":"52","author":"Peterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2015.04.023","article-title":"National trends in foot and ankle arthrodesis: 17-year analysis of the national survey of ambulatory surgery and national hospital discharge survey","volume":"54","author":"Best","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199702000-00012","article-title":"Motion of the hindfoot after simulated arthrodesis","volume":"79","author":"Astion","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200005000-00002","article-title":"Isolated subtalar arthrodesis","volume":"82","author":"Easley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.7547\/0950034","article-title":"Subtalar joint arthrodesis","volume":"95","author":"Catanzariti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2007.07.005","article-title":"Triple arthrodesis for the adult-acquired flatfoot deformity","volume":"24","author":"Maskill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1177\/1938640012464869","article-title":"Techniques of arthrodesis in the foot and ankle","volume":"5","author":"Mendicino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Spec"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.7547\/0950060","article-title":"Realignment arthrodesis of the rearfoot and ankle: a comprehensive evaluation","volume":"95","author":"Mendicino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2014.03.004","article-title":"Triple arthrodesis for adult acquired flatfoot","volume":"31","author":"Catanzariti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2012.11.012","article-title":"Factors associated with nonunion, delayed union, and malunion in foot and ankle surgery in diabetic patients","volume":"52","author":"Shibuya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.04.002","article-title":"Delayed union and nonunions: epidemiology, clinical issues, and financial aspects","volume":"45","author":"Hak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib15","first-page":"398","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors for surgical site infection","volume":"93","author":"Moucha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq361","article-title":"Detection, evaluation, and management of preoperative anaemia in the elective\u00a0orthopaedic surgical patient: NATA guidelines","volume":"106","author":"Goodnough","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100715577789","article-title":"Nonunion risk assessment in foot and ankle surgery: proposing a predictive risk assessment model","volume":"36","author":"Thevendran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-103","article-title":"Predictors of nonunion and reoperative in patients with fractures of the tibia: an observational study","volume":"14","author":"Fong","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib19","series-title":"Skeletal Trauma: Basic Science, Management, and Reconstruction","first-page":"507","article-title":"Nonunions: Evaluation and Treatment","author":"Brinker","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(98)80015-X","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and bone healing: implications in foot and ankle surgery","volume":"37","author":"Haverstock","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.19","article-title":"Uncoupled angiogenesis and osteogenesis in nicotine-compromised bone healing","volume":"25","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200101000-00009","article-title":"Reversal of the detrimental effects of chronic protein\u00a0malnutrition on long bone fracture healing","volume":"15","author":"Day","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2007.10.035","article-title":"Pharmacological agents and impairment of fracture healing: what is the evidence?","volume":"39","author":"Pountos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0990","article-title":"Glucocorticoids act directly on osteoblasts and osteocytes to induce their apoptosis and reduce bone formation and strength","volume":"145","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182aafe0d","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs\u2019 impact on nonunion and infection rates in long-bone fractures","volume":"76","author":"Jeffcoach","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib26","first-page":"175","article-title":"Physical and biological aspects of fractures healing with special reference to internal fixation","volume":"138","author":"Perren","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B8.0841093","article-title":"Evolution of internal fixation of long bone fractures: the scientific basis of biological internal fixation: choosing a new balance between stability and biology","volume":"84","author":"Perren","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-8422(23)01167-9","article-title":"Current concepts of bone healing","volume":"18","author":"Mandracchia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.60B2.350882","article-title":"The biology of fracture healing in long bones","volume":"60","author":"McKibbin","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib30","first-page":"148","article-title":"The mast cell as a component of callus in healing fractures","volume":"51","author":"Lindholm","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib31","first-page":"827","article-title":"A histological study of the early phases of bone repair","volume":"12","author":"Ham","year":"1930","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199309000-00044","article-title":"Triple arthrodesis using internal fixation in treatment of adult foot disorders","volume":"294","author":"Sangeorzan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.1997.11744751","article-title":"Nonunion of tibial fractures treated with external fixation: contributing factors studied in 71 fractures","volume":"275","author":"Chatziyiannakis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-1843-9","article-title":"Molecular techniques to detect biofilm bacteria in long bone nonunion: a case report","volume":"469","author":"Palmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31814d4dc6","article-title":"Metabolic and endocrine abnormalities in patients with nonunions","volume":"21","author":"Brinker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.83339","article-title":"Thyroid disorders and bone mineral metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Dhanwal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.4158\/EP12141.RA","article-title":"Bone as an endocrine organ","volume":"18","author":"Guntur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2006.06.014","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus\u2014overview","volume":"11","author":"Hoogwerf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00080","article-title":"Postoperative infection rates in foot and ankle surgery: a comparison of patients with and without diabetes mellitus","volume":"92","author":"Wukich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0846","article-title":"Surgical site infections after foot and ankle surgery: a comparison of patients with and without diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Wukich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.0038","article-title":"Wound complications in thyroxine-supplemented patients following foot and ankle surgery","volume":"32","author":"Grunfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S106725161730011X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S106725161730011X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T05:01:44Z","timestamp":1761022904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S106725161730011X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S106725161730011X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1067-2516"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1067-2516","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk Factors Associated With Nonunion After Elective Foot and Ankle Reconstruction: A Case-Control Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 by the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}