{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T01:15:17Z","timestamp":1789089317369,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jcardioanesthesia.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T11:24:16Z","timestamp":1614425056000},"page":"1188-1195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["2021 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Update, With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Focus"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Carson","family":"Welker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5574-6756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n J. N\u00fa\u00f1ez","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8785-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harish","family":"Ramakrishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0001","first-page":"1742","article-title":"Mortality trends of acute respiratory distress syndrome in the United States from 1999 to 2013","volume":"13","author":"Cochi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0069-0","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Matthay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current incidence and outcome of the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Villar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0291","article-title":"Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries","volume":"315","author":"Bellani","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30213-8","article-title":"Geo-economic variations in epidemiology, patterns of care, and outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: Insights from the LUNG SAFE prospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Laffey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3596","article-title":"Factors associated with death in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in the US","volume":"180","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.25197","article-title":"Characteristics associated with racial\/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 outcomes in an academic health care system","volume":"3","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4321-8","article-title":"Recovery and outcomes after the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients and their family caregivers","volume":"42","author":"Herridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0009","first-page":"35","article-title":"Long-term outcome after the acute respiratory distress syndrome: Different from general critical illness?","volume":"24","author":"Bein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1608077","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"377","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001089","article-title":"Cigarette smoke exposure and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Calfee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0012","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: The Berlin definition","volume":"307","author":"Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02911-9","article-title":"Acute respiratory failure in COVID-19: Is it \u201ctypical\u201d ARDS?","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0584OC","article-title":"Hospital incidence and outcomes of the acute respiratory distress syndrome using the Kigali modification of the Berlin definition","volume":"193","author":"Riviello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61390","article-title":"ACE2: Evidence of role as entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and implications in comorbidities","volume":"9","author":"Zamorano Cuervo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30279-4","article-title":"Identification of pathophysiological patterns for triage and respiratory support in COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Camporota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-4064-y","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome mimickers lacking common risk factors of the Berlin definition","volume":"42","author":"Gibelin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2454","article-title":"Distinct molecular phenotypes of direct vs indirect ARDS in single-center and multicenter studies","volume":"147","author":"Calfee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4324-5","article-title":"Diagnostic workup for ARDS patients","volume":"42","author":"Papazian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70097-9","article-title":"Subphenotypes in acute respiratory distress syndrome: Latent class analysis of data from 2 randomised controlled trials","volume":"2","author":"Calfee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.03.016","article-title":"Elevated plasma levels of sRAGE are associated with nonfocal CT-based lung imaging in patients with ARDS: A prospective multicenter study","volume":"150","author":"Mrozek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201603-0645OC","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome subphenotypes respond differently to randomized fluid management strategy","volume":"195","author":"Famous","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201702-0405CP","article-title":"Fifty years of research in ARDS. Genomic contributions and opportunities","volume":"196","author":"Reilly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28268","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028268","article-title":"Genome wide association identifies PPFIA1 as a candidate gene for acute lung injury risk following major trauma","volume":"7","author":"Christie","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6825","article-title":"Management of COVID-19 respiratory distress","volume":"323","author":"Marini","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-2046OC","article-title":"Compliance phenotypes in early acute respiratory distress syndrome before the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"202","author":"Panwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03253-2","article-title":"Respiratory physiology of COVID-19-induced respiratory failure compared to ARDS of other etiologies","volume":"24","author":"Grieco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.08.047","article-title":"Outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure caused by COVID-19","volume":"125","author":"Camporota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-239489","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema in COVID-19 pneumonia: A rare case and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Elhakim","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","article-title":"Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 - preliminary report","volume":"384","author":"Horby","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17021","article-title":"Effect of dexamethasone on days alive and ventilator-free in patients with moderate or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and COVID-19: The CoDEX randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"Tomazini","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201703-0548ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society\/European Society of Intensive Care Medicine\/Society of Critical Care Medicine clinical practice guideline: Mechanical ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"195","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1410639","article-title":"Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"372","author":"Amato","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0034","article-title":"Guidelines on the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Griffiths","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.14171","article-title":"Effect of lung recruitment and titrated positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) vs low PEEP on mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"318","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07425","article-title":"Esophageal manometry","volume":"65","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0555","volume":"321","author":"Beitler","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214103","article-title":"Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"368","author":"Gu\u00e9rin","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.06.032","article-title":"Treatment of ARDS with prone positioning","volume":"151","author":"Scholten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2018.01.007","article-title":"Protecting the right ventricle in ARDS: The role of prone ventilation","volume":"32","author":"Zochios","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04271","article-title":"A comprehensive review of prone position in ARDS","volume":"60","author":"Kallet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3030","article-title":"Prone positioning in awake, nonintubated patients with COVID-19 hypoxemic respiratory failure","volume":"180","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004012","article-title":"Prone positioning for pregnant women with hypoxemia due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"136","author":"Tolcher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0044","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. Available at: https:\/\/www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov. Accessed January 28, 2021."},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062200","article-title":"Comparison of 2 fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury","volume":"354","author":"Wiedemann","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06310-0","article-title":"Fluid administration and monitoring in ARDS: Which management?","volume":"46","author":"Vignon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4573-3","article-title":"Conservative fluid management or deresuscitation for patients with sepsis or acute respiratory distress syndrome following the resuscitation phase of critical illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Silversides","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001555","article-title":"Impact of initial central venous pressure on outcomes of conservative versus liberal fluid management in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Semler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005372","article-title":"Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"363","author":"Papazian","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901686","article-title":"Early neuromuscular blockade in the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"380","author":"Moss","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra051884","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide therapy in adults","volume":"353","author":"Griffiths","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0052","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults","volume":"6","author":"Gebistorf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-3161","article-title":"The use of inhaled prostaglandins in patients with ARDS: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"147","author":"Fuller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61069-2","article-title":"Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR): A multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"374","author":"Peek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800385","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"378","author":"Combes","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000001193","article-title":"Extracorporeal Life Support Organization coronavirus disease 2019 interim guidelines: A consensus document from an international group of interdisciplinary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation providers","volume":"66","author":"Shekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asaio J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32008-0","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in COVID-19: An international cohort study of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry","volume":"396","author":"Barbaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201806-1094OC","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation management during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. An international multicenter prospective cohort","volume":"200","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051693","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"354","author":"Steinberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-4095-4","article-title":"Prolonged glucocorticoid treatment is associated with improved ARDS outcomes: Analysis of individual patients\u2019 data from four randomized trials and trial-level meta-analysis of the updated literature","volume":"42","author":"Meduri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0061","article-title":"Pharmacological agents for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002284","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of a combination of an inhaled corticosteroid and beta agonist in patients at risk of developing the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Festic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-017-0498-z","article-title":"Effect of sivelestat sodium in patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Pu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-1139","article-title":"The adult calfactant in acute respiratory distress syndrome trial","volume":"148","author":"Willson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0065","first-page":"51","article-title":"[Statin in the treatment of ALI\/ARDS: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on international databases]","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16761","article-title":"Effect of hydrocortisone on 21-day mortality or respiratory support among critically ill patients with COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"Dequin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0067","article-title":"Methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 (Metcovid): A randomised, double-blind, phase IIb, placebo-controlled trial","author":"Jeronimo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03400-9","article-title":"Corticosteroid use in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomes","volume":"24","author":"van Paassen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19 - final report","volume":"383","author":"Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0070","article-title":"Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: A living systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Piechotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3939","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3939","article-title":"Convalescent plasma in the management of moderate covid-19 in adults in India: Open label phase II multicentre randomised controlled trial (PLACID trial)","volume":"371","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10245","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies for prevention and treatment of COVID-19","volume":"324","author":"Marovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2020.0301","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell Infusion shows promise for combating coronavirus (COVID-19)- induced pneumonia","volume":"11","author":"Shetty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.05.019","article-title":"Ruxolitinib in treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"146","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01061","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b12b treatment for COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030340","article-title":"Tocilizumab in patients hospitalized with Covid-19 pneumonia","volume":"384","author":"Salama","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22240","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine on clinical status at 14 days in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"Self","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022926","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Horby","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0188","article-title":"Prominent changes in blood coagulation of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"58","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12439","article-title":"Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Nopp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Pract Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909093411103","article-title":"A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Prophylaxis in Medical Patients with Enoxaparin Study Group","volume":"341","author":"Samama","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000138928.83266.24","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of dalteparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients","volume":"110","author":"Leizorovicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38733.466748.7C","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in older acute medical patients: Randomised placebo controlled trial","volume":"332","author":"Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.05.001","article-title":"Association of treatment dose anticoagulation with in-hospital survival among hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"76","author":"Paranjpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0085","unstructured":"Cuker A, Tseng EK, Nieuwlaat R, et al. ASH 2020 guidelines on the use of anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19: Draft recommendations. Available at: http:\/\/www.hematology.org\/COVIDguidelines. Accessed January 28, 2021."},{"key":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30289-2","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin system blockers and susceptibility to COVID-19: An international, open science, cohort analysis","volume":"3","author":"Morales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053077021001889?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053077021001889?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T07:58:49Z","timestamp":1760947129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1053077021001889"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1053077021001889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-0770"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-0770","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"2021 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Update, With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Focus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}